Encyclopedia of Ionic Liquids

Foreword
List of Topics
About the Editor
Section Editors
Contributors
A
1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium (BMIM)
Abiotic Degradation of Ionic Liquids (ILs)
Introduction
Ionic Liquids Degradation Pathways
Hydrolysis
Photolysis
Advanced Technologies for ILs Disposal
Chemical Oxidations
Photochemical Oxidations
Electrochemical Oxidations
Overall AoPs Applicability
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Ionic Liquid: A New Platform for the Pharmaceutical Industry
Introduction
Design and Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Ionic Liquids
Effects of API-IL Form on Biological and Physical Properties
Biological Activity Beyond Pharmaceuticals
Clinical Trials and Regulations
Conclusions and Outlook
References
Advances in Monte Carlo Simulation of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Monte Carlo Methodology
Thermophysical Properties of Ionic Liquids
Gas Solubility Calculations in Ionic Liquids
Henry´s Constants
Pure Gas Absorption Isotherms
Ammonia Solubility
Water Solubility
Gas Solubility in Binary Ionic Liquid Mixtures
Gas Solubility in Ionic Liquid-Based Composite Materials
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria (VLE) for Pure Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquid Confinement
Simulating Reaction in Ionic Liquids
Summary and Outlook
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Aerobic Oxidation in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis with Air or Molecular Oxygen and Ionic Liquids
Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols with ILs
Metal-Based Reactions
Metal-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Aerobic Oxidation of Biomass in ILs
Aerobic Oxidative Desulfurization in ILs
Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols in ILs
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds by Aerobic Oxidation in ILs
Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids by Aerobic Oxidation in ILs
Aerobic Oxidation of Phenol in ILs
Glaser Oxidative Coupling in ILs
Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Ketones in ILs
References
Agrochemicals
All-Atom Models of Ionic Liquids
All-Atom Force Fields: in medio stat virtus
The Anatomy of an All-Atom Interaction Model
Fixed-Charge Force Fields
Polarizable Force Fields
Perspectives for All-Atom Models
Cross-References
References
Amino Acids Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Types of AAILs
Properties of AAILs
Macro Properties
Micro Properties
Synthesis of AAILs
Amino Acids as Anions
Amino Acids as Cations
Application of AAILs
Solvent
Catalyst
Extraction and Separation
CO2 Capture and Absorption
Conclusion
Cross-References
Reference
Ammonium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of Ammonium ILs
Synthesis of Protic Ammonium ILs
Synthesis of Aprotic Ammonium ILs
Synthesis of Ammonium ILs with Both Protic and Aprotic Cation Centers
Characterization of Ammonium ILs
Elemental Analysis
NMR Analysis
Vibrational Spectroscopy Analysis
Cross-References
References
Amorphous Ionic Liquid Strategies for Pharmaceutical Application
Introduction
Physicochemical Properties
Permeation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Antitumor Agents
Application of Ionic Liquid Solvents in the Food Industry
Introduction
Extraction and Obtaining of Value-Added Compounds
Food Analysis
Recyclability of Ionic Liquids
Conclusions and Perspectives
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Application of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Detection for Food Samples
Introduction
IL-Based Electrode Sensor for Food Samples
IL-Based Electrode Sensor
IL/CNM Hybrid Film Modifying Electrode Sensor
Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode (CILE)
Additional Nanomaterials to IL/CNM Electrode
Perspective on IL-Based Electrode
IL/Other Substrate Sensor
Covalent Bond-Linking IL with Substrate or Additive
Chiral and Smart IL-Based Sensor
Summary
References
Application of Ionic Liquids in Extraction and Separation of Biological Samples
Introduction
Significance of Biological Sample Analysis
Advantages of Ionic Liquid-Based Extraction
Extraction Mechanisms and Characteristics
Extraction Methods
Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)
Other Methods
The Role of Ionic Liquids
Cross-References
References
Applications of Ionic Liquids in Clean and Valuable Utilization of Coal: From Aspects of Environment
Introduction
Emerging Applications of ILs During Utilization of LRCs
IL Pretreatment Before Thermal Conversion
IL Pretreatment to Inhibit Spontaneous Combustion
IL Pretreatment to Inhibit Coal Dust
Extraction and Dissolution of LRCs in ILs
Potential Effects of ILs on Environment
Recycling of ILs and Long-Term Performances of ILs
Pollution Risk by the Residual ILs in Coals
Life Cycle Effects on the Environment of ILs
Problems in the Reported Studies
Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Applications of Ionic Liquids in Desulfurization of Fuel Oil
Introduction
Effect of Ionic Liquid Types on the Extractive Desulfurization
The Extractive Desulfurization of Metal Chloride-Based Ionic Liquids
The Combined Oxidative-Extractive Desulfurization Using Ionic Liquids
The Desulfurization Efficiency of Various Sulfur Compounds with Ionic Liquids
The Regeneration of Ionic Liquid
Summary and Prospective
Cross-References
References
Aquatic Toxicology of Ionic Liquids (ILs)
Introduction
Boosting the Sustainable Design of ILs
Cholinium-Based ILs Versus Nitrogen-Based Cyclic ILs
Structure-Ecotoxicity Relationships Within Cholinium-Based ILs
Strategies to Develop Less Toxic Cholinium-Based ILs
Balancing the ``Innocuous Nature´´ and ``High Performance´´ with Cholinium ILs
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
B
Biocatalysis in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Enzymatic Reactions in ILs
Lipase
Oxidordeuctase
Protease
Acylase
Whole-Cell Catalyzed Reactions in ILs
Influence of ILs on Biocatalysis
Effect of the Characteristics of ILs on Biocatalytic Process
Influence of ILs on Biocatalyst Structure and Activity
Future Perspective of Biocatalytic Reactions in ILs
Developing Novel ILs for Biocatalysis
IL-Mediated Biocatalysis
Novel Biphasic Reaction System
Concluding Remarks
References
Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids (ILs) Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
Introduction
Testing Biodegradability
Biodegradability of ILs´ Cations by Classes
Imidazoliums
Pyridiniums
Ammoniums
Morpholiniums
Pyrrolidiniums
Phosphoniums
Other Cations
Biodegradability of ILs´ Anions
Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Degradation
Synergistic Effects in Biodegradation
Cross-References
References
Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids Involving Ionic and Covalent Binding: Tunable Drug Development Platform
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction: Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids
Medical Potential of Ionic Liquids
Physicochemical Properties and Pharmaceutical Activities of API-ILs
Ionic Liquid Tags for Single Cell Studies
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
C
Capacitance with Different Electrode Surface Topology
Introduction
References
Catalysis of Supported Ionic Liquids
Definition
Introduction
Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Technology
Solid Catalyst with Ionic Liquid Layer (SCILL) Technology
Key Applications
SILP Catalysis Applications
SCILL Catalysis Applications
Cross-References
References
Chemical Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Oxidative Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Oxidation of Alcohols
Oxidative Desulfurization
Reductive Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Ionic Liquids
Hydrogenation Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Hydrodeoxygenation Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Biomass Conversion in Ionic Liquids
Concluding Remarks
References
Chiral Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of CILs
CILs with Chirality on the Cation
CILs with Imidazolium Cationic Moiety
CILs with Pyridinium Cationic Moiety
CILs with Ammonium Cationic Moiety
CILs with Other Cationic Moieties
CILs with Chirality on the Anion
CILs with Chirality on Both the Cation and the Anion
Characterization of CILs
Cross-References
References
Chitin as a Resource for Eco-friendly Bioplastics
Introduction
Bioplastics
More to the Story: Biodegradation
What Is the Plastic Catastrophe?
Biopolymers to Save the World?
Looking to the Future: Chitin Biomaterials
Commercial Deployment
References
Condensed Structures and Properties of Ionic Liquids Under High Pressure
Introduction
Crystallization of ILs Under High Pressure
[C2mim][PF6]
[C4mim][PF6]
[C10mim][BF4]
[C8mim][PF6]
[C2mim][PF6] (from Methanol Solution)
[C2mim][CF3SO3]
Vitrification of ILs Under High Pressure
[C4mim][BF4]
[C2mim][EtOSO3]
[C6mim][PF6]
[C4mim][TFSI]
[C6mim][BF4]
Mesophase of ILs Under High Pressure
[C12mim][BF4]
Properties of ILs Under High Pressure
Solubility of [C2mim][PF6] in Methanol
Viscosity of [CnMIM][BF4] Under High Pressure
Cross-References
References
Conversion of Chitin in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Chitin Extraction and Dissolution in Ionic Liquids
Chitin Chemical and Enzymatic Modifications in Ionic Liquids
2D and 3D Chitin-Based Materials
References
D
DBU-Based Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of DBU-Based Ionic Liquids
Synthesis of Protic DBU-Based Ionic Liquids
Synthesis of Aprotic DBU-Based Ionic Liquids
Synthesis of DBU-Based Dicationic Ionic Liquids
Characterization of DBU-Based Ionic Liquids
NMR Characterization
Thermal Analysis
FT-IR Characterization
Cross-References
Reference
Density of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Instruments and Method to Determine Density of Ionic Liquids
Comparison of Ionic Liquid Densities Based on Their Structure
Modeling of Ionic Liquid Densities
Notation
References
Depolymerization of Lignin by Catalytic Oxidation in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Ionic Liquids for Lignin Extraction
ILs as Solvents for Lignin Catalytic Oxidation and Depolymerization
ILs as Solvents for Lignin Model Compound Catalytic Oxidation and Depolymerization
ILs as Solvents for Lignin Catalytic Oxidation and Depolymerization
ILs as Catalysts for Lignin Catalytic Oxidation and Depolymerization
ILs as Catalyst for Lignin Model Compound Catalytic Oxidation and Depolymerization
ILs as Catalyst for Lignin Catalytic Oxidation and Depolymerization
Techniques for Characterization of ILs and Lignin
Techniques for Characterization of ILs
Techniques for Characterization of Lignin
Conclusion
References
Design of Amino Acid ILs for Dissolution of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Introduction
Designing Ionic Liquids that Dissolve Cellulose
Amino Acid-ILs as Cellulose Dissolving Solvents
Cellulose Dissolution in a Mixed Solvent of Amino Acid ILs with a Polar Molecular Solvent
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Design of Functional Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids for Biomass Processing
Introduction
Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids
Design of Anion
Dissolution Ability
For Cellulose
For Lignin
For Lignocellulose
Catalytic Ability
Design of Side Chain
Dissolution Ability
Catalytic Ability
Distillability
Design of Zwitterion
Dissolution Ability
Biocompatibility
Brief Summary
Cross-References
References
Design of Polymeric Ionic Liquids for the Separation of Structurally Similar Compounds
Introduction
The Efficient Separation of Bioactive Molecules
The Selective Separation of Acetylene from Ethylene
The Removal of Sulfur Dioxide from Flue Gas
Cross-References
Reference
Determination of Pesticide/Herbicide by Using Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Determination of Pesticide/Herbicide
Pesticide
Herbicide
References
Disposal of the Industrial Wastes of Ionic Liquid
Introduction
Applications of Ionic Liquids and Their Recyclability
Toxicity of ILs Versus Their Disposal
Disposal Approaches of Ionic Liquids
Disposal Technologies for ILs
Reclaim of the Used ILs
Resource Utilization of the Used ILs
Resource Use of the Cation via Hydrolysis
Resource Use of the ILs for Carbon Materials
Incineration of the Used ILs
Degradation of the Used ILs
Summary and Prospective
Acknowledgment
References
Dissolving and Spinning of Biomass Using Ionic Liquids as Solvents
Introduction
Cellulose Dissolution in ILs and Spinning Technology
Structure of Cellulose
Solvents for Cellulose Dissolution
Mechanism of Cellulose Dissolution in ILs
Cellulose Spinning Technology Using ILs as Solvents
Keratin dissolution in ILs
Effect of ILs Structure on Keratin Dissolution Capability
Interaction Mechanism Between ILs and Keratin
Keratin Application and the Key Scientific Questions in Keratin Dissolution Process
Chitosan Dissolution in ILs
Effect of ILs´ Structures on Chitosan Dissolution Capability
Interaction Mechanism Between ILs and Chitosan
Application of ILs to Dissolve Chitosan and Corresponding Key Scientific Problems
Key Scientific Issues in Dissolving Different Natural Polymers Using ILs
Cross-References
References
Dual Nature of Ionic Liquids: Ionic Versus Organic
Introduction
Basic Methodology
Simulation Method
Calculation of Electric Field
Calculation of Intermolecular Vibrational Frequency and Force Constant
Calculation of Activation Energy
Key Findings
Molecular Structure and Charge Delocalization
Liquid Structure and Cage Energy Landscape
Intermolecular Vibrational Frequency
Force and Intrinsic Electric Field
Cage Energy
Tune the Dual Nature of Ionic Liquids
Future Directions
References
Dynamics of Ionic Liquids Confined in Carbon-Based Nanomaterial Towards Energy Storage and Conversion Application
Introduction
Dynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids Confined in 1D Carbon Nanomaterial
Dynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids Confined in 2D Carbon Nanomaterial
Dynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids Confined in Other Carbon Nanomaterial
Concluding Remarks and Prospects
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
E
Effect of Ionic Liquids on Activity and Stability of Enzymes
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes
Introduction
CO2 in Ionic Liquids
Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids
CO2 Solubility and Structures in Ionic Liquids
Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction in Ionic Liquids
Heterogeneous Catalyst for CO2 Electroreduction in Ionic Liquids
Homogeneous Catalyst for CO2 Electroreduction in Ionic Liquids
Mechanism of CO2 Electroreduction in Ionic Liquids
Summary and Outlook
References
Electroconductivity of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Definition of Electroconductivity
The Empiric Relations for the Electroconductivity of ILs
The Temperature Dependence of Electroconductivity for ILs
Walden Rule
Theoretical Prediction
Electroconductivities of Typical ILs
Typical ILs Electroconductivities at Different Temperatures [47]
The Symbol Tables
References
Engineering Aspect of Ionic Liquids: Analysis of Reaction Kinetics and Multiphase Reactors
Introduction
Impact and Scope of Ionic Liquids
Multiphase Reactions
Multiphase Reactions in IL Systems
Reaction Rate, Yield, and Selectivity
Multiphasic Reactions
Fluid-Liquid Reactions
F-L Reaction Regimes
Slow Reaction Regimes ()
Regime 1: Very Slow Reaction (or Kinetically Controlled Reaction)
Regime 2: Mass Transfer Controlled Slow Reaction
Fast Reactions ()
Regime 3: Fast Pseudo mth Order Reaction
Regime 3-4: Fast Reaction with Depletion of Species B at the F-L Interface (Depletion Regime) (Fig. 3b)
Regime 4: Instantaneous Reaction
Fluid-Side Resistance
Fast Pseudo-First Order Reaction
Instantaneous Reaction
Fluid-Film Controlled Operation
Liquid-Liquid Reaction Using IL
S-L Reactions
Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactions
Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Reactions
Measurement of Kinetics of Reactions
Experimental Methods: Reaction Rates and Kinetics for G-S Reactions
Differential Reactor
Integral Reactor
Batch Reactor
Identification Controlling Mechanism: Gas-Film Resistance in G-S Reactor
Solid (Catalyst)-Liquid Reaction
Measurement of Reaction Rates and Kinetics
Industrial Reactors
Choice of Reactor
Conclusion
References
Enhanced Ion Mobility in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Mobility Issues in Ionic Liquids and Mobility Enhancement
Design of Strongly Correlated Ion-Molecular Systems
Ionic Liquids in Nanoscale Hydrophobic Environments
Adjusting Temperature Regimes of Applications
References
Enhancing Cellulose Accessibility to Cellulase by Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Interplay Between Cellulose Accessibility and Glu...
Introduction
Lignocellulose as New Petroleum Supplement
Pretreatment Is a Key Step for Efficient Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulose
Increasing Cellulose Accessibility to Cellulase (CAC) is More Important Than Lignin Removal
Cellulose Solvent-Based Pretreatment Enhances Cellulose Accessibility to Cellulase
Cellulose Accessibility to Cellulase Assays: Principles, Applications, and Limitations
Biomimicry of a Fusion Protein
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions Using Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Ionic Solvation Environment
Mechanisms for Extraction
Ion-Exchange Mechanism
Neutral (Co)extraction
Conclusions
References
F
Functional Ionic Liquid in Multicomponent Reaction, a Powerful Tool for C-C Bond Formation
Synonyms
Introduction
Definition
Functional Ionic Liquids (FILs)
Scientific Fundamentals
Functional Principles of FILs
Synthetic Fundamental: General Synthetic Processes of FILs and Supported FILs
Key Applications
Three-Component Coupling Reactions in Ionic Liquids: An Improved Protocol in Organic Synthesis
FILs as Catalysts in Three-Component Reactions
FILs as Medium/Catalyst in Four-Component Reactions
Cross-References
References
Functional Ionic Liquids (FILs)
G
Guanidinium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of Guanidinium-Based Ionic Liquids
Synthesis from Alkyl Guanidine
Synthesis from Alkyl Ureas or Alkyl Thioureas
Synthesis from N,N-dialkylphosgeniminium Salts
Characterization of Guanidinium-Based Ionic Liquids
Cross-Reference
References
H
Heat Capacity of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Determination of Heat Capacity
Data Collation, Analysis, and Evaluation
Estimation Method
Application of Heat Capacity
References
Herbicidal Ionic Liquids
HILs
Homogeneous Derivatization of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Controllable Homogeneous Synthesis of Cellulose Derivatives in ILs
New Cellulose Derivatives
Applications of Cellulose Derivatives
References
Hydrogen Bond in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Structural Characteristic of Hydrogen Bond in ILs
Hydrogen Bond in the Aprotic ILs
Hydrogen Bond in the Protic ILs
Hydrogen-Bonded Network and Cluster Structures in ILs
Effect on Properties and Reactions of Hydrogen Bond in ILs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Hydrogenation Reaction in Ionic Liquids
Abbreviations
Introduction
ILs in the Hydrogenation Reactions
ILs as Solvents
ILs-iPrOH/H2O as Solvents
Chiral ILs as Solvents
ILs/CO2 as the Solvents
Supported IL (SIL) as the Solvents
Metal NPs in IL for Hydrogenation
Ir NPs in ILs
Ru NPs
Ni NPs
Pd NPs
Rh NPs
Bimetallic NPs
Conclusion and Outlook
References
Hydrolysis of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Hydrolysis of Fluorine-Based Anions
Hydrolysis of Cyano-Based Anions
Hydrolysis of Alkyl Sulfate-Based Anions
Hydrolysis of Imidazolium Ring
References
I
IL, Ionic Liquid
Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of Imidazolium ILs
One-Step Synthesis of Imidazolium ILs
Two-Step Synthesis of Imidazolium ILs
Multi-Step Synthesis of Imidazolium ILs
Characterization of Imidazolium ILs
Element Composition and Mass of Imidazolium ILs
Elemental Analysis
Mass Spectrometry
Spectral Analysis of Ionic Liquids
UV-Vis Absorption Spectra
Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis
NMR Spectrum Analysis
Structure Analysis of Ionic Liquid
X-Ray Diffraction
Electron Microscope
Determination of Ionic Liquids Properties
Computer-Aided Molecular Design
Instrumental Measurement
References
Immobilization of Ionic Liquids, Types of Materials, and Applications
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Supported Ionic Liquids
Covalent Grafting (Chemisorption) vs. Physical Confinement (Physisorption)
Support Materials
Applications of Supported Ionic Liquids
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Impact of Ionic Liquids Chemistry in the Electrochemistry of Neodymium
Introduction
Electrodeposition Principle
Cathodic Processes of Nd
Electrodeposits of Nd Metal in Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquid Chemical Compositions and Electrochemical Behavior
Additives
Conclusions and Future Remarks
References
Impact of Ionic Liquids to Industrial Water Treatment System
Introduction
Physicochemical Removal of Imidazolium-Based ILs
Biodegradation of Imidazolium-Based ILs
Chemical Degradation of Imidazolium-Based ILs
Potential Impact of Imidazolium-Based ILs in Industrial Water Treatment System
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficient of Compound in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Determination of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficient
Experimental Determination
Theoretical Prediction
Applications of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficient
Partial Molar Excess Properties at Infinite Dilution
Selectivity and Capacity at Infinite Dilution
Gas-Liquid Partition Coefficient
References
Ion Pairing in Ionic Liquids
What Is Ion Pairing?
Understanding Ion Pairing in Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquids at Interfaces
Spectroscopy
Molecular Dynamics
Charge Transfer
Protic Ionic Liquids
Grotthuss Diffusion
Ionic Liquids in Mixtures
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Ionic Liquid as a Sustainable Reaction Medium for Diels-Alder Reaction
Introduction
Ionic Liquids
Diels-Alder Reactions in ILs
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquid Catalysis for the Reductive Functionalization of CO2
Ionic Liquid Electrolytes as a Medium for Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
Introduction
Electrode/Electrolyte Interface
Electrochemical Synthesis of Metal and Semiconductor Nanostructures Using Ionic Liquids for LIBs
Electrodeposition of Metals
Electrodeposition of Semiconductors
Solid Electrolyte Interphase
Summary
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquid in Cyclization Reaction
Definition
Scientific Fundamentals
Basic Definitions About the Application of ILs in Cyclization Reaction
Introduction to Ammonium ILs
Application of ILs in Cyclization Reactions
Imidazolium-Based ILs
Tetraalkylammonium-Based ILs
References
Ionic Liquid in Hydrogenation
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Scientific Fundamentals
Key Applications
ILs Act as Medium/Stabilizer
Supported IL Phase (SILP) Catalysis
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquid in Reduction of Unsaturated Bonds with Molecular Hydrogen
Ionic Liquid Materials for the Adsorption of Toxic Gases
Introduction
Adsorption of Acidic Toxic Gases by ILs
Adsorption of Alkaline Toxic Gases by ILs
Adsorption of Neutral Toxic Gases by ILs
Conclusion
References
Ionic Liquid Pretreatment of Lignocellulose for Overcoming Cell Wall Recalcitrance and Enhancing Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Introduction
Cell Wall Recalcitrance
Solubilization and Regeneration of Lignocellulose in ILs
Enhancement of Cellulose Saccharification Kinetics After ILs Pretreatment
Factors Affecting Pretreatment Efficiency
Ionic Liquid Recycling and Reuse
Directions for Future Research
References
Ionic Liquid Tags for Drug Delivery
Ionic Liquid/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Biphasic Systems in Organic Synthesis
Definition
Scientific Fundamentals
Key Applications
IL/CO2 Biphasic Batch Reactions
IL/CO2 Biphasic Continuous Flow Reactions
Enzyme Catalysis
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquid-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Toxic Dyes from Wastewater
Introduction
Structures and Properties of ILs
Textile Wastewater Treatment
Removal of Acid Dyes
Removal of Basic Dyes
Removal of Reactive Dyes
The Factors Affecting ILs to Remove Dyes from Water
Effect of the Hydrophobicity of ILs
Effect of the pH Value on the Extraction Efficiency
Conclusion
References
Ionic Liquid-Based Microextraction and Determination of Components in Food-Related Products
Introduction
The Two Main Models in the Microextraction with IL
Solid-Phase Microextraction
Liquid-Phase Microextraction
The Application of IL-Based Microextraction in the Determination of Components in Food-Related Products
Application to Metal Ions
Application to Trace Elements
Application to Organic and Aromatic Compounds
Summary
References
Ionic Liquid-Based Nano-materials for Drug Delivery
Introduction
Types of Ionic Liquids
Drug Delivery
Microemulsions in Drug Delivery
Mixture of ILs for Water Solubility of Drugs
ILs and Nanoparticles
Different Cultures Used for Accessing the Toxicity of ILs
Toxicity of ILs
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): New Generation Green Solvents
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Ionic Liquid-Based Sensors for Fast Determination of Aromatic Compounds in the Environment
Introduction
Electrochemical and Fluorescence-Based Detection Method
IL-Based Electrochemical Sensors
IL-Based Fluorescent Sensors
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Ionic Liquid-Promoted CO2 Reductive Functionalization
Synonyms
Definition
Scientific Fundamentals
Reductive Functionalization of CO2
Designable Ionic Liquids for this Reaction
Key Applications
Ionic Liquid-Promoted 2-Electron Reduction of CO2
Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquid-Decorated COF Catalysts
Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Zn(Salen) Catalysts
Ionic Liquid-Promoted 4-Electron and 6-Electron Reduction of CO2 with Amines
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquid-Promoted Diagonal Transformations for CO2 Recycling
Ionic Liquid-Promoted Reductive Domino Sequences
Ionic Liquids (ILs) with Reduced Hazard and Risk, How to Design, and Future Challenges
Introduction
Design of Ionic Liquids with Low Persistency
Design of Ionic Liquids with Low Bioaccumulation Potential
Design of Ionic Liquids with Low (Eco)Toxicity
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquids and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Ionic Liquids as Solvents for the Production of Materials from Biomass
Introduction
Lignocellulosic Feedstock: A Natural Composite Material
Cellulose and Hemicellulose
Lignin
Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing with Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquids
Dissolution and Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Chemical Dissolution and Modification of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids
Dissolution of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids
Regeneration of Cellulose from Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquids as Solvent Media for Chemical Modifications
Applications for Cellulose-Based Materials
Lignin Extraction and Utilization in Ionic Liquids
Approaches to Valorization and Production of Materials from Lignin
Lignin Depolymerization in Ionic Liquids
Plastics from Lignin Monomers
Composites Materials from Biomass Using Ionic Liquids
Lignin as an Additive
Films
Fibers
Wood-Based Gels
Electronics/Batteries
Ionic Liquid Recovery for Biomass Processing
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquids Design Methodology for Separation Processes
Introduction
Fundamentals
Physical Property Modeling
Thermodynamic Modeling
Process Simulation of IL-Involved Process
State-of-the-Art
Computer-Aided IL Screening
Computer-Aided IL Design
Concluding Remarks
References
Ionic Liquids for Anticancer Application
Synonyms
Introduction
ILs Potential Anticancer Agents
Other Related Anticancer Applications of ILs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Introduction
Recent Advances in Using ILs for CO2RR
ILs for CO2 Capture
ILs as Electrolytes
ILs as Co-catalysts
ILs for Synthesis of CO2RR Catalysts
Novel Strategies Using ILs for CO2RR
Nanoconfined ILs
ILs Modified Electrode
Poly Ionic Liquid-Modified Catalysts
ILs for Integrated CO2 Capture and Electrolysis
CO2 Electrolyzer Designs Using ILs
H-Cell
Flow Cells
Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA)
Economic System Design Using ILs for CO2RR
Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Ionic Liquids for Extractive Desulfurization of Fuels
Introduction
Background of Fuel Desulfurization
Introduction of Extractive Desulfurization of Fuels by ILs
Extractive Desulfurization of Fuels by ILs
Imidazolium-Based ILs
Pyridinium-Based ILs
Metal-Based ILs
Other ILs
Mechanism
References
Ionic Liquids for Light Hydrocarbon Separation
Introduction
Separation of Alkynes
C2H2/C2H4 Separation
C3H4/C3H6 Separation
Separation of Olefins
C2H4/C2H6 Separation
C3H6/C3H8 Separation
C4 Olefin Separation
Separation of Paraffins
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Ionic Liquids for Lithium and Sodium Batteries
Introduction
ILs as Electrolyte
Liquid Electrolyte
Li/Na-Ion Batteries
Li-S Batteries
Li-O2 (Air) Batteries
Solid Electrolyte
Polymer Electrolyte
Hybrid Solid Electrolyte
ILs for the Synthesis of Electrodes
Carbon
Electrode Materials
Conclusion and Outlook
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquids for Oxidation of Olefins
Introduction
Application of Ionic Liquids for Oxidation of Olefins
Epoxidation of Olefins
Cleavage of the C=C Bond in Olefins
Dihydroxylation of Olefins
References
Ionic Liquids in Clean and Sustainable Biocatalytic Organic Reactions
Introduction: Toward Sustainability in Organic Reactions
Biocatalysis: An Ancient Tool for Efficient Syntheses
Enzymes and Medium Engineering: Water Versus Nonaqueous Solvents
Biocatalysts and Ionic Liquids: The Synergy to Enhance Catalytic Reactions
Upgrading Organic Reactions Through Biocatalysis in ILs
Sponge-Like Ionic Liquids (SLILs): The Latest Trend in Clean Biocatalytic Processes
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Ionic Liquids in CO Capture and Separation
Introduction
Electronic Configuration of CO
CO Capture Through Physical Absorption
CO Capture Through Copper (I) Complexation Absorption
CO Capture Through Nucleophilic Attack
Prospective of CO Capture
References
Ionic Liquids in Life Sciences
References
Ionic Liquids in Nucleophilic Substitution
Synonyms
Definition
Scientific Fundamentals
Historical Development About IL-Promoted Nucleophilic Substitution
Nucleophilic Halogenation Reaction
Nucleophilic Nitrilation Reaction
Nucleophilic Azide Reaction
Nucleophilic Esterification Reaction
Nucleophilic Hydroxylation Reaction
Other Nucleophilic Substitution
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquids in Selective Oxidation
Introduction
Oxidation of Sulfides with ILs
ILs as Oxidation Solvents or Media
Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides/Sulfones in ILs
Extraction and Oxidative Desulfurization with ILs
Oxidation of Sulfides Over IL or IL-Based Catalysts
Oxidation of Alcohols in ILs
Epoxidation of Alkenes in ILs
Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation in ILs
Oxidation of Alkanes, Benzene, and Its Derivatives in ILs
Oxidation of Alkanes
Oxidation of Benzene and Its Derivatives
Future Directions
References
Ionic Liquids in Synthetic Rubber
Introduction
Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents for Synthetic Rubber
Ionic Liquids as Modifiers for Synthetic Rubber Fillers
Ionic Liquids as Additives for Synthetic Rubber Processing
Ionic Liquids as Monomers for Synthetic Rubber
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquids with Herbicidal Activities
Synonyms
Introduction
Herbicidal Ionic Liquids
Benefits of HILs in Comparison to the Classical ILs
Toxicity
Biodegradability
References
Ionic Liquids Within the Radioactive Waste Recycling Schemes, Use of
Introduction
Radiation Stability of Ionic Liquids
Ionic Liquids for Spent Fuel Reprocessing
Recycling/Decontamination Processes Using Ionic Liquids
Application of Ionic Liquids in Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Radionuclides
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ionic Liquids/Water Binary Mixtures Mediated Organic Reactions
Introduction
Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures Promoted Reactions
Hydrogenation
Oxidation
Suzuki Cross Coupling
Diels-Alder Reaction
Substitution Reaction
Reduction
Michael Addition
Aldol Reaction
Halogenation
Epoxidation
Allylation
Prins Reaction
Beckmann Rearrangement
Conclusion
References
Ionic Liquids-Based Organic Electrolytes for Lignocellulose Pretreatment Towards Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Introduction
The Dissolution History of Lignocellulosic Biomass from ILs to ILsOE
The Dissolution Pretreatment Mechanism of ILsOE for Lignocellulosic Biomass
Hydrogen Bonding Interaction Induced Crystalline Structure Transformation by ILs
The Role of Organic Electrolytes During ILsOE Pretreatment
Influence Factors of ILsOE Pretreatment
Physicochemical Property and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Lignocellulose from ILsOE Pretreatment
Physicochemical Structure and Compositional Changes of Lignocellulosic Biomass During ILsOE Pretreatment
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Lignocellulose from ILsOE Pretreatment
Summary and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Ionic Liquids-Promoted Nucleophilic Substitution
L
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Ionic Liquids
Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
LCA to Assist in the Evaluation of the Sustainability of Ionic Liquids
LCA Studies of Systems Involving Ionic Liquids: Literature Overview
Early Works
More on Organic Syntheses
Capture and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide
Cellulose and Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing
The Need of More and Better Data for Increasing Accuracy
Conclusions and Outlook
Cross-References
References
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Binary and Ternary Systems Containing Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Access to LLE: Experiments
Access to LLE: Thermodynamic Models
Application of Thermodynamic Models
Cross-References
References
M
Magnetic/Ionic Liquids for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Medium
Introduction
Applications
Imidazolium-Based Hydrophobic ILs for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds
Nonaromatic Hydrophobic ILs for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds
Hydrophobic Magnetic ILs for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds
Summary and Outlook
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Mean-Field Theory of the Electrical Double Layer in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
General Formalism
Neat Ionic Liquids
Local Density Approximation
Beyond the Local Density Approximation
Solvents and Mixtures
Underscreening and Beyond
Cross-References
References
Melting Point of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Determination of Melting Point of Ionic Liquids (Tm)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Method
Effect of Structural Features on Melting Point (Tm) of IONIC Liquids
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length
Effect of Ionic Components
Prediction of Melting Point Through Structure-Property Correlation
Prediction of Melting Point from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
References
Metal Ion-Containing Ionic Liquid Catalysts on Solid Supports for Organic Reactions
Introduction
Metal Ion-Containing Imidazolium Salts [25, 38]
Immobilization Metal Ion-Containing Ionic Liquid Catalysts [26]
Preparation of Immobilized Metal Ion-Containing Ionic Liquids (ImmM_IL)
EXAFS Analysis
Kharasch Addition Reaction
Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions by ImmPd2+_IL
Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction with Ni Catalyst
Carbonylation Reactions [11]
Alkoxycarbonylation
Phenoxy Carbonylation
Aminocarbonylation
Carbonylative Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction [10]
One Step Synthesis of Isoindole-1,3-Diones by Carbonylative Cyclization Reaction
Synthesis of Oxamate and Urea by Oxidative Single and Double Carbonylation of Amines
Synthesis of Polyesteramides by Carbonylation-Polycondensation Reaction of Aromatic Diiodides and Amino Alcohols [27]
Summary
Cross-References
References
Metal-Containing Ionic Liquid
Introduction
Synthesis of Metal-Containing Ionic Liquids
Metal Ions in Anions
Metal Ions in Cation
Supported Metal-Containing Ionic Liquids
Characterization
Structure Characterization
NMR
FT-IR
Raman
Uv-Vis
MS
Determination Acidity
Magnetic Characterization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Methods for Biodegradability and Toxicity Assessment of Ionic Liquid
Introduction
Methods for Biodegradation Assays of ILs
DOC Die-Away Test (OECD 301 A)
Modified Sturm Test (OECD 301 B)
Closed Bottle Test (OECD 301 D)
Manometric Respirometry Test (OECD 301 F)
CO2 Headspace Test (ISO 14593)
Methods for Toxicity Assessment of ILs
Toxicity Test In Vivo: Acute Toxicity Test
Subchronic Toxicity Test
Chronic Toxicity Test
Toxicity Test In Vitro
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)
Summary
References
Migration and Mobility of Ionic Liquids (ILs) in Soil
Introduction
Mechanism of Sorption
Preliminary Studies
Multilayer Model
Application of HPLC
Thermodynamics
Column Tests
Modeling and Chemometrics
Structural ILs Variations
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Modeling Methods of Ionic Liquids at Charged Electrode Surfaces
Introduction
References
Modeling of Dicationic Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Definition
Overview
Basic Methodology
Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Density Functional Theory (DFT) Calculations
Key Research Findings
Modeling of Pure DILs
Modeling of DILs/Solvent Mixtures
Modeling of DIL-Based Interfaces
Future Directions for Research
Cross-References
References
Molecular Composites Based on Ionic Liquids
Introduction
RTIL-Based Polymeric Ion Gels
RTIL-Based Ionic Polyimide Composites
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Molecular Modeling of the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Ionic Liquid-Water Mixtures
Introduction
Force Fields and Methods
Thermodynamics and Structure
Transport Properties
Summary
References
Molten Salt in Hydrogenation
Morpholinium Ionic Liquids and Piperazinium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Morpholinium Ionic Liquids
Synthesis
[N-C3OHmMOR][NTf2]
[Mor1,4][BF4]
[Mor1,2][Br]
[HEMMor][BF4]
[HEMM][Cl]
[Mor1,16][BF4]
[HEMMor][BF4]
[C1-Mor-C1OC8][Cl]
N-Methoxyethoxyethyl-N-methylmorpholine Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Salt Ionic Liquid
N-Methyl-N-sulfomorpholine Hydrochloride Ionic Liquid
Characterization
1H NMR
UV-Vis
DSC
FT-IR
XRD
Piperazinium Ionic Liquid
Synthesis
[PipBs1]3-PW
[TMG][Lac]
[(PS)2pi][HSO4]2
[Pi] [HSO4]2
[DMSBP] [HSO4]
N-(1-acryloyl)-N-(4-cyclopentyl)piperazine Dihydrogen Phosphate (Ionic Liquid)
[C2pi][Lac]
[C2C1C14pi][Br]
[C1C14pi][BF4]2
Characterization
1H NMR
UV-Vis
TGA
FT-IR
Summary and Prospects
References
N
New Liquid Components in Formulation of Food Supplements
Introduction
Ionic Liquids as a Food Supplement
Selection of Biocompatible Cation and Anion
Toxicity Investigation
Physicochemical Properties
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nontoxic Ionic Liquids: Emerging Substitute for Classical Antimicrobial Materials
Introduction
Classification
Physicochemical Properties
Biological Properties
Toxicity and Hazardous Property
Synthesis of Antimicrobial Ionic Liquids
Antimicrobial Activities of Ionic Liquids
Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Nucleophilic Substitution
P
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Carbonylation of Aryl and Alkenyl Halides
Carbonylation of Alkenes and Alkynes
Oxidative Carbonylation
Reductive Carbonylation
Miscellaneous Carbonylation
Conclusion
References
Phosphonium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of Phosphonium ILs
Formation of the Phosphonium Salts
Anion Exchange
Synthesis of Phosphonium-Based TSILs
Synthesis of Phosphonium ILs with Specific Groups
Synthesis of Functionalized Phosphonium Cations
Synthesis of Anion-Functionalized Phosphonium ILs
Synthesis of Bifunctionalized Phosphonium ILs
Synthesis of Zwitterionic Phosphonium ILs
Synthesis of Chiral Phosphonium ILs
Synthesis of Supported Phosphonium ILs
In Situ Formation of Phosphonium ILs on Support Surface
Immobilization of Presynthesized Phosphonium ILs on Support
Synthesis of Phosphonium-Based Polymeric ILs
Characterization of Phosphonium ILs
Summary
Cross-References
References
Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Ionic Liquid
Introduction
Basic Processes and Principles of CO2 Photoreduction
Background
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of CO2 Photoreduction
ILs for CO2 Capture and CO2 Photoreduction
ILs for CO2 Capture
ILs for CO2 Photoreduction
Conclusion and Perspectives
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
pKa in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
pKa Determination in ILs by Electrochemical Methods
pKa Determination in ILs by UV-Vis Spectroscopic Methods
Cross-References
References
Poly(Ionic Liquid)s
Introduction
Synthesis of Poly(Ionic Liquid)s
Free Radical Polymerization
Living/Controlled Radical Polymerization
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)
Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT)
Cobalt-Mediated Radical Polymerization (CMRP)
Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)
Ion Pairs Are Formed In Situ in the Polymerization
Post-modification of Neutral Polymer Chains
Characterization Methods of Poly(Ionic Liquid)s
Applications of Poly(Ionic Liquid)s
Cross-References
References
Polyoxometalate-Based Ionic Liquid Catalysis for Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Definition
Scientific Fundamentals
Basic Definitions About the POM-Based IL
Introduction to the POM
CO2 Activation by POM-Based IL
1 Metal-Carbon Mode
η1-OCO Linear Coordination Mode
Key Applications in CO2 Conversion
Cycloaddition of CO2 to Organic Substrates
Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides
Incorporation of CO2 into Heterocycle
Reduction of CO2
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Photochemical CO2 Reduction
References
Potential Threats of Ionic Liquids to the Environment and Ecosphere
Introduction
The Path of ILs Toward Threatening the Soil Ecosphere
Sources and Transport
Bioavailability in the Soil Matrix
Interaction of ILs with the Biota
IL Toxicity
IL Biodegradability
Predictive Methods as a Tool for IL Design
Summary of Trends in IL Toxicity and Biodegradability Ruling the Application of QSAR
Searching for the Ideal IL, the Least Environmentally Hazardous, Still Up to the Function
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Predicting the Environmental Fate of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Water Solubility
Sorption and logKow
Diffusion
Environmental Fate of Ionic Liquids
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Pretreatment and Conversion of Shrimp/Crab Shells into High-Value Products with Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Structure of Shrimp/Crab Shells
Preparation of Chitin from Shrimp/Crab Shells Using Ionic Liquid
Extraction Method for Chitin Preparation
Pulping Method for Chitin Preparation
Conversion of Shrimp/Crab Shells into Functional Chitin
Solubility of IL/DES on Chitin
Conversion of Chitin into Functional Chitin with IL
Conversion of Shrimp Shells into Functional Chitin with DES
The Opportunity and Challenge of the Shrimp/Crab Utilization Using IL/DES
References
Product and Solvent Recovery in Ionic Liquid-Based Biomass Pretreatment Processes
Introduction
Overview of IL-Based Biomass Processing
Typical Product and IL Recovery Schemes
IL Chemistry Determines the Recovery Process Design
Typical IL-Based Pretreatment Process Schemes
Strategies of Product and IL Separation for Cellulose-Dissolving ILs
Product and IL Recovery for Lignin-Selective Dissolving ILs
Product and IL Recovery When Integrated with Catalytic Conversion
Typical Process Schemes Using Hydrophobic IL
New Developments in IL Separation Technology
Electrodialysis
Pervaporation
Wiped-Film Distillation
Summary and Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Pyridinium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of Pyridinium ILs
Synthesis of Lewis Acidic Pyridinium ILs
Synthesis of Lewis Basic Pyridinium ILs
Synthesis of Brønsted Acidic Pyridinium ILs
Synthesis of Brønsted Basic Pyridinium ILs
Synthesis of Chiral Pyridinium ILs
Characterization of Pyridinium ILs
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
Ultraviolet Spectrum (UV)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Mass Spectrum (MS)
Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Pyridinium ILs
The Acidity of ILs
References
Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquids and Piperidinium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquids
Synthesis
Characterization
1H NMR
PGSE-NMR
UV/Vis
TGA
DMA
FTIR
DSC
X-ray
Piperidinium Ionic Liquids
Synthesis
Characterization
TGA
DSC
X-ray
1H NMR
Rotary Rheometer
DMA
Summary and Prospects
References
Q
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships to Estimate Toxicity of Ionic Liquids (ILs)
Introduction
QSAR for Enzymes
QSAR for the Response of Bacteria
QSAR for the Response of Animal Cells
QSAR for the Response of the Crustacean Daphnia magna
Comprehensive QSAR Model
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Quasi-chemisorption by Ionic Liquids Through Quasi-chemical Interaction
Introduction
Quasi-chemisorption
Quasi-chemical Interaction
Quasi-chemisorption by Ionic Liquids
Summary
Cross-References
References
R
Refractive Index of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Measuring Refractive Index of ILs
Factors Affecting Refractive Index of ILs
Theoretical Predicting Refractive Index of ILs
Applications
References
Regeneration, Recovery, and Removal of Ionic Liquids
Definition
Introduction
Critical Review of the Possibilities for the Reuse, Recovery, and Removal of Ionic Liquids
State of Knowledge Regarding Ionic Liquids Registered Under the REACH Legislation
3-Butyl-1-methylimidazolium Chloride (BMIM Cl)
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Methanesulfonate (EMIM MeSO3)
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate (EMIM BF4)
Tetraalkylammonium Sulfate (Ammoeng 102)
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate (EMIM Acetate)
Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (Li BF4)
Current Trends in the Reuse, Recovery, and Removal of Ionic Liquids
Conclusions
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Role of Ionic Liquids as Green and Ecological Corrosion Inhibitors
Introduction
Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors
Influence Factor of Inhibition Performance
Anions
Chain Length of Alkyl
The Type of Substituent
Future Prospects
References
Room Temperature Ionic Liquid in Hydrogenation
S
Scale-Up of the Ionic Liquid-Based Biomass Conversion Processes
Introduction
Process Configurations of IL Pretreatment
Conventional Process with Water Wash
One-Pot Biomass Conversion: Acidolysis Process
One-Pot Biomass Conversion: Bionic Liquid Process
Application of the Residual Lignin Fraction
Outlook and Perspectives
References
Selective Dissolution of Biomass with Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Dissolution of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids
Early Study with Chloride Salts
Strategy to Design Ionic Liquids to Dissolve Cellulose Under Ambient Condition
Dissolution and Extraction of Cellulose from Plant Biomass
Dissolution of Lignin in Ionic Liquids
Strategy to Design Ionic Liquids to Dissolve Lignin
Effect of Water
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide
Dissolution and Extraction of Lignin from Plant Biomass
Dissolution of Plant Biomass in Ionic Liquids Derivatives
Dissolution of Lignin in Organic Onium Hydroxide Aqueous Solution
Dissolution of Biomass in Organic Onium Hydroxide Aqueous Solution
Is Water Addition Effective to Separate Cellulose and Lignin After Dissolution of Woody Biomass?
Conversion of Lignin to Valuable Compounds
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
SIL, Supported Ionic Liquid
SILLP, Supported Ionic Liquid-Like Phase
SILP, Supported Ionic Liquid Phase
Solubility of Polymers in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Dissolution of Biopolymers in Ionic Liquids
Dissolution of Synthetic Polymers in Ionic Liquids
References
Spatial Heterogeneity
Structure Aggregation
Structure Heterogeneity in Ionic Liquids
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Scientific Fundamentals
Experimental Measurement
Computational Simulation
Structure Function
Heterogeneity Oder Parameter
Summary
Outlook
References
Structure Segregation
Sulfonium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of Sulfonium ILs
Formation of the Sulfonium Salts
Anion Exchange
Synthesis of Functionalized Sulfonium ILs
Synthesis of Sulfonium ILs with Specific Groups
Synthesis of Functionalized Sulfonium Cations
Synthesis of Anion-Functionalized Sulfonium ILs
Synthesis of Chiral Sulfonium Salts
Synthesis of Chiral Sulfonium Salts
Synthesis of Supported Sulfonium ILs
Synthesis of Sulfonium-Based Polymeric ILs
Characterization of Sulfonium ILs
Summary
Cross-References
References
Supported Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Synthesis of Supported ILs
Silica-Supported ILs (SSILs)
Noncovalent Preparation of SSILs
Covalent Preparation of the SSILs
Polymer-Supported Ionic Liquids (PSILs)
Noncovalent Preparation of PSILs
Covalent Preparation of PSILs
Carbon Nanomaterials Supported ILs (CNMSILs)
Noncovalent Preparation of CNMSILs
Covalent Preparation of CNMSILs
MOF-Supported ILs (MSILs)
Noncovalent Preparation of MSILs
Covalent Preparation of MSILs
Clay-Supported ILs (CSILs)
Noncovalent Preparation of CSILs
Covalent Preparation of CSILs
Summary
Cross-References
References
Surface Tension of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Definition of Surface Tension
Measurement Methods for Surface Tension
Experimental Methods
Estimation
Factors Affecting
Effect of the Cation
Effect of Cationic Head Group
Effect of the Anion
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Water Contents and Other Impurities
Surface Tension of Ionic Liquid Mixtures or Solutions
Solvent Component Effects
Temperature Effects
Surface Properties of Ionic Liquids
Related Thermodynamic Properties
Cross-References
References
Surfactant Behavior of Ionic Liquids Involving a Drug
Introduction
Background
Results and Discussion
Synthesis and Characterization of Different Aggregated Nanostructures
Conventional Surfactant Derived Aggregated Structures
IL-Surfactant-Based Aggregated Nanostructures
IL-IL-Based Aggregated Nanostructures
IL-Biomolecules Aggregated Nanostructures
Different IL Systems Involving Drug Molecules
IL-Drug Assembly and Drug-Containing ILs
Drug Molecules Inside the ILs Forming Assemblies
Conclusion
References
Synthesis of Polymers in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Free Radical Polymerization
Ring Opening Polymerization
Cationic Polymerization
Anionic Polymerization
Condensation Polymerization
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)
Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization
Concluding Remarks
References
T
Task-Specific Ionic Liquids (TSILs)
Task-Specific Ionic Liquids: Design, Properties, and Applications
Scientific Fundamentals
Application of TSILs
TSIL-Based Ligands for Organometallic Catalysis
Task-Specific Ionic Liquids as Catalysts in Multicomponent Reactions
Miscellaneous Reactions
Outlook
References
Terrestrial Toxicity of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Terrestrial Phytotoxicity of ILs
Toxic Effects of ILs on Soil Plants
Chemical Structures Affecting IL Terrestrial Phytotoxicity
Terrestrial Animal Toxicities of ILs
Toxic Effects of ILs on Soil Animals (Eisenia foetida)
Chemical Structures Affecting IL Terrestrial Phytotoxicity
Conclusions and Prospects
References
Thermal Stability of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Definition of Decomposition and Evaporation
Instruments Measuring Decomposition and Evaporation
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (PGC)
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Infrared Spectrometry (IR)
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Microbalance Knudsen Effusion Apparatus (KEQCM)
Ultrafast Scanning Calorimetry (UFSC)
Distillation Apparatus
Potentiometric Titration
Parameters Evaluating Decomposition and Evaporation
Mass Loss Percentage
Onset Temperature (Tonset)
Start Temperature (Tstart)
Peak Temperature (Tpeak)
Vapor Pressure
Enthalpy
Temperature for 10% Mass Loss at 10 h (T0.1/10 h)
Factors Affecting Decomposition and Evaporation
Chemical Structure
Methods
Temperature
Pressure
Time
Catalysts and Other Substances
Surface Area
Atmosphere
Flowing Rate
Sample Mass
Heating Rate
Models Predicting Decomposition and Evaporation
Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR)
Group Contribution Method
Quantum Chemical Calculation
Correlation with Physical Properties and Spectra Parameters
COSMO-RS
Kinetics of Decomposition and Evaporation
Mass Loss Rate (K)
Activation Energy (Ea)
Pre-exponential Coefficient (A)
Mechanism Explaining Decomposition and Evaporation
Decomposition vs. Evaporation
Elimination vs. Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1 and SN2)
References
Thiazolium Ionic Liquids, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Introduction
Synthesis
Properties
Application
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Transformation of CO2 into Value-Added Chemicals in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
CO2 Conversion to CO
Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to CO
Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to CO
Chemical Conversion of CO2 to CO
CO2 Conversion to Formic Acids
Reactions of CO2 with Other Molecules
Conversion of CO2 to Cyclic Carbonates
Conversion of CO2 to Dialkyl Carbonates
Reactions of CO2 with Amines, Alkenes, and Aminobenzonitriles
Conversion of CO2 to Polymers
Conversion of CO2 to Polycarbonates
Conversion of CO2 to Polyethylene
Conclusions and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction in ILs
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction in ILs
Copper-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction in ILs
Nickel-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction in ILs
Iron-/Ruthenium-/Cobalt-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction in ILs
References
Trizxolium Ionic Liquids and Tetrazolium Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Trizxolium Ionic Liquids
Tetrazolium Ionic Liquids
Summary
Cross-References
Reference
V
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Separation of the Liquid Mixtures
Azeotropic Binary Systems
Ethanol-Water
Water-Alcohol
Ester-Alcohol
Aliphatic-Aromatic Separation
Alcohol-Acetonitrile
Cetone-Alcohol
Ethanol-Dimethyl Carbonate
Methanol-Tetrahydrofuran
Ethanol-Chloroform
Absorption Cycle Applications
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Properties of ILs
Modeling of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of ILs
Cross-References
References
Viscosity of Ionic Liquids
Introduction
Effects of Ionic Structures on Viscosities of ILs
Correlation and Prediction
Challenges and Opportunities
References