Encyclopedia of Environmental Health [6 Volume Set]

VOLUME 1 A-C
Front Cover
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1
Copyright
GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
PREFACE
PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Advances in Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Residues in Waters and Wastewaters
Conclusions
Agro-Industrial Waste Conversion Into Medicinal Mushroom Cultivation
Global Mushroom Production
Commercial Production and Medicinal Importance of the Most Cultivated Mushrooms Worldwide
Further Reading
Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Risks
Ambient Air Pollution and Lung Cancer
Ecological Fallacy
Indoor Air Pollution and Lung Cancer
Confounding Factors
Conclusions
Air Pollution Episodes
Important Air Pollution Episodes
France Summer 2003
The Nature of Episodes
Air Pollution From Solid Fuels
Global Consumption Pattern of Solid Fuels
Interventions
Interventions on the Source of Pollution
Improved stoves
Interventions to user behavior
Air Quality Legislation
Air Quality Legislation
International Air Quality Legislation
Air Quality Legislation in United States
Concluding Remarks
Air Transportation and Human Health
Ambient Air Pollution
Estimates Using Mathematical Modeling
Predicting the Impact on Public Health
Airport-Related Noise
The Mandate of the Noise Control Act of 1972
Relevant Websites
Ambient Concentrations of Acrolein: Health Risks
Air Concentrations and Sources of Exposure
Ambient Concentrations and Emissions
An Ecological Disaster Zone with Impact on Human Health: Aral Sea
Effects on Climate
Political Aspects
Further Reading
Animal and Human Waste as Components of Urban Dust Pollution: Health Implications
Human Health Effects Associated With Polluted Urban Dust
Antimicrobial Resistance in Environmental Fecal Bacteria
Bacterial Endotoxins and Respiratory Tract Inflammation
Further Reading
Antarctic: Persistent Organic Pollutants and Environmental Health in the Region
Pollutants
Antibiotics Pollution in Soil and Water: Potential Ecological and Human Health Issues
Environmental Fate of Antibiotics: Tetracyclines as Model Antibiotic
Antibiotics in Soil
Ecological Impacts of Antibiotics and Resistant Bacteria
Further Reading
Application of Healthy Life Year Measures to Environmental Health Issues
Background to Measures of Population Health
Measures of Disease Burden
Composite Measures
Rationale
Types of Composite Summary Measures
Valuing Life and Social Values
Expectation of Life
Valuing Life Lived at Different Ages
Valuing Future Life Compared With Present Life: Discounting
Environmental Impact on Health
Definition of the Environment for Health
The Global Burden of Disease and the Environment
Regional Burden of Disease and Environment
National Burden of Disease and the Environment
The Use of Summary Measures of Population Health to Measure the Environmental Impact on Health
Measuring the Effectiveness of Environmental Interventions
Environmental Health and the Sustainable Development Goals
Aquatic Environment and Fish Welfare in Aquaculture
Future Considerations
Further Reading
Arsenic Exposure From Seafood Consumption
Arsenic in Seafood
Freshwater Organisms
Arsenic: Occurrence in Groundwater
Pregnancy Outcome
Asbestos Exposure and Autoimmune Disease
A Proposed Connection Between Asbestos, Systemic Autoimmune Disease and Interstitial Lung Disease
Assessing Indoor Air Quality
General Principles of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Measurement
Real-Time Monitoring
Measurement Methods of Particulate Constituents
Semigravimetric Methods
Measurement Methods of Vapor-Phase Constituents
Formaldehyde
Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution
Exposure Assessment
Asthma: Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors
Environmental Sensitizers That Cause Asthma
Indoor Allergens
Bahama Archipelago: Environment and Health
History and Discovery of the Bahama Archipelago
Pirates and Buccaneers
The First Royal Governor, 1717 and Hurricane
The Development of Florida With Bahamian Emigration
Bias in Environmental Epidemiology
Types of Bias
Current Topics in Bias
Copollutant Confounding
Bioaerosols in Apartment Buildings
Bioaerosol Concentration Levels in Apartments
Effects of Electronic Appliances on Concentration Levels
Bioavailable Aluminum: Its Effects on Human Health
Alzheimer Disease (AD)
ADED Behaviors in Rats Chronically Exposed to Dietary Aluminum Additives
Pathological Change in ADED Rat Brains
Bioavailable Aluminum: Its Metabolism and Effects on the Environment
Forest Decline
Aluminum Toxicity in Fish and Other Aquatic Life
Aluminum and Birds
Biodiversity and the Loss of Biodiversity Affecting Human Health
Examples of Global Changes and Their Effects on Biodiversity and Feedback Loops to Human Health
Aquatic Biodiversity and Human Health
Microplastics damage both the health of marine organisms and human health
Biomarkers in Environmental Carcinogenesis
Main Categories of Biomarkers
Biomarkers of Effect
Biomarkers of Genetic Susceptibility
Biomarkers of Environmental Exposures in Blood
Blood as a Matrix for Biomonitoring
Which Matrix for Which Chemicals?
Sources of Variation
Blood Biomonitoring and Public Health: Case Studies
Serum Cotinine
Lead
Biomass Burning, Regional Air Quality, and Climate Change
Types of Biomass Burning
Savanna Fire
Characteristics and Compositions of Biomass Burning Emission
Methane (CH4)
VOLUME 2 D-E
Front Cover
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 2
GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
Target Organ Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
PREFACE
PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome as an Umbrella for Many Chronic Diseases—The Clinician’s Point of View
DMHS and Vaccination
Dichloromethane—A Paint Stripper and Plastic Welding Adhesive
Cancer in Humans
VOLUME 3 F-K
Front Cover
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 3
GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3
PREFACE
PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Floods as Human Health Risks
Definition and Epidemiology of Floods
Flood Risk: Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability
Past and Future Trends in Flood Events
Health Impacts of Floods
Mental Health
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Healthcare Infrastructure
Fluorine: Human Health Risks
Detrimental Health Effects
Dental Fluorosis
Skeletal Fluorosis in Children
Skeletal Fractures
Functional ‘Omics and Molecular Analysis of a Subtropical Harmful Algal Bloom Species, Karenia brevis
Understanding K. brevis Biology for Better Modeling
Toxin Production
Gallium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
Applications
Gene Environment Interactions: Cigarette Smoke, APC, DNA Damage Repair, and Human Health
Chemical Composition of Cigarette Smoke
Gene-Environment Interactions in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease
Global Measures of the Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD)
Relevant Website
Household Energy Solutions in Low and Middle Income Countries
Effectiveness of HAP Interventions
Impact of Interventions on Household Pollution and Personal Exposures
Impacts of Clean Energy Interventions on Health Outcomes
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low-Income Countries
HWTS Methods
Chlorination
Filtration
Housing-Related Health Hazards: Assessment and Remediation
Housing Hazard Assessment
Radon
Safety and Poisoning
Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Other Combustion By-Products
Noise
Comparison of Three Bundled Housing Intervention Protocols
Mold Remediation
Lead Paint Hazard Control
Human Health and the State of the Pedosphere
Soil Contamination and Chemical Transformations
Human Health Implications of Personal Care Products: Breast Cancer and Other Breast-Related Diseases
Conclusions
Human Health Link to Invasive Species
Importance of NIS in Global Change
Impacts of NIS
Human Tick-Borne Diseases in Southern Europe: Present Status and Future Challenges
Viral TBDs
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Bacterial TBDs
Spotted Fever Rickettsioses
Lyme Borreliosis
Hydraulic Fracturing and Public Health
Introduction
What Is Hydraulic Fracturing?
Concerns and Challenges
Exposure
Water pollution
Social and Economic Impacts
Health Impacts
Climate Change
Conclusion and Recommendations
Immunological Effects of the Chernobyl Accident
Immune Function after the Acute Radiation Injury
Early Effects
Immunological Effects in the Cleanup Workers
Early Effects
Indonesia: Threats to the Country’s Biodiversity
Terrestrial
Forest Fires
Deforestation
Infectious Processes and Medical Geology
Geologic Determinants of Earliest Microbes: Living Rocks and Primeval Soup
Earliest Microbes
Most Extreme Microbes
Insect Repellents: Assessment of Health Risks
Compounds
DEET
Local effects
Iodine in the Environment
Functions of Iodine in Humans
Fate of Iodine after Ingestion
Toxicity of Iodine
Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS): Concept, Protocol and Current Status
Study Overview
Study Objectives
Study Methods
Instruments
Kuwait: Before and After the Gulf War
Environmental Quality Before 1990
Land
VOLUME 4 L-O
Front Cover
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 4
GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Cross-References
Example
Index
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
Disinfection By-products
Electromagnetic Fields
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4
PREFACE
PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Leishmaniasis and Environment in Argentina: An Eco-Epidemiological Approach☆All the researchers belong to the Network for ...
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Environment
Scale: Capture Station and Day-Month Dynamics
Long-Range Transport and Deposition of Air Pollution
Historical and Projected Emission Changes
Projected Emission Changes
Long-Term Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Human Health
Other Effects of Particle Exposure
Lung Function
Respiratory Symptoms
Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Potential Environmental Health Impacts
Expert-Panel Reviews of Magnetic Fields and Environmental Effects
American Cancer Society (ACS) (2014) (http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/extremely-low-fr ...
EC: Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (2015) (http://ec.europa.eu/health/scienti ...
National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2016) (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/electromagneti ...
World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) (http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/elf_ehc/en/)
Malaria as an Environmental Disease
Mosquito Ecology and Limiting Factors on Vector Life Cycle
Environmental Factors That Increase Risk of Malaria Transmission
Factors That Affect Adult Mosquito Abundance
Factors That Affect Adult Mosquito Longevity
Habitation-Related Factors
Other Associated Risk Factors
Malaria, Bilharzia and Geo-Helminth Transmission in Kenya: Environmental Determinants
Environmental Factors Spreading Bilharzia and Geohelminths in Kenya
Ecofriendly Malaria Control Interventions
Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets
Antimalarial Medicines
Malaysia: Environmental Health Issues
Major Environmental Challenges
Minimizing Socioeconomic Divide
Preventing/Reducing the Occurrence of Natural and Man-Made Disasters
Tackling Air, Water, Noise and Congestion, and Waste Disposal Related Problems
Reversing the Trend of Land Degradation, Deforestation, Depletion of Natural Resources, and Loss of Biodiversity
Dealing With Global Environmental Issues
Strengthening Local Institutional Arrangements
Major Environmental Health Issues
Air Quality
Management and Export of Wastes: Human Health Implications
Globalization of Waste Management
Regulation of International Nonhazardous/Solid Waste Transfer
Regulation of International Hazardous Waste Transfer
Regulation of International Management of Nuclear Waste
Uncertainties
Recent Waste Management Strategy
Zero Waste
Use of Life Cycle of a Product Approach
Waste Recovery and Treatment Techniques
Landfilling
Insufficiencies in Waste Management and Risk to Environment and Human Health
Insufficiency in Collecting
Waste Transport
Manganese: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
Introduction
Absorption and Toxicity of Manganese
Inhalation Route
Ingestion Route
Systemic Delivery of Manganese
Excretion and Biological Half-Life
Basic Mechanism of Toxicity
Measurement of Air Pollutants
Introduction
Measurement Units
Commonly Monitored Atmospheric Pollutants
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Pollutant Measurement Techniques
Aerosol Composition Measurements
Measuring Noise for Health Impact Assessment
Noise Measurement: Common Practice
Environmental Noise Measurement
Personal Exposure
Where Should Exposure to Environmental Noise Be Determined?
Façade Exposure
Quiet Side
Indoor Exposure
Mechanisms of Immune Modulation by Xenobiotics
Introduction
Research Emphasis
Mechanisms of Immunomodulation by Heavy Metals
Cadmium
Vanadium
Conclusions and Outlook for Future Research
Medical Anthropology
Introduction and Relevance
Introduction
Relevance to Environmental Health
Key Concepts
From Risk Perception to Popular Epidemiology
The Tragedy of the Commons
Mercury and Children Health
Elemental Mercury (Hg0)
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity
Inorganic Mercury (Hg1+, Hg2+)
Sources of Exposure
Mercury in Air
Reduction and Oxidation Processes in the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Events in Polar Regions
Mercury Toxicity
Effect of Mercury
Systemic Effects
Modification of Mercury Toxicity
Metal-Induced Toxicologic Pathology: Human Exposure and Risk Assessment☆This manuscript has been reviewed in accordance wi ...
Metal Fragments: Depleted Uranium
Human Health Effects
Monetary Valuation of Health Impacts From Noise
Further Reading
Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide: Environmental Health and Ecotoxicological Effects
Human Health
Carcinogenic Hazards
Epidemiology
Natural Disaster—Environmental Health Preparedness
Definitions and Overall Health Impact of Natural Disaster
Health Impacts of Disaster
Neurotoxicology
Defining Neurotoxicity
Nigeria: Environmental Health Concerns
Overview of Environmental and Public Health Issues in Nigeria
Implicating Heavy Metal Pollution in Cancer
Environmental Quality and Food Contamination
Noise and Cognition in Children
A Summary of Experimental Studies of Acute Noise
Reading, Memory, and Learning
Oil and Chemical Spills
Distribution of Heavy Metals in Marine Bivalves, Fish and Coastal Sediments in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
Optimal Pollution: The Welfare Economic Approach to Correct Related Market Failures☆☆
Public Goods, Externalities, and Internalization
Public Goods
Externalities
Organochlorines and the Effect on Female Reproductive System
Epidemiological Studies of the Effects of Organochlorines on Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Hormones
Ovarian Morphology
Endometriosis
VOLUME 5 P-S
Front Cover
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 5
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 5
PREFACE
PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Parasite Zoonoses
Parasites, Hosts, and Life Cycles
Parasites
Hosts
Life Cycles
Environmental Change, Parasite Zoonoses, and Emerging Disease
New Incidence or Severity of Parasitic Disease
Demographic rates
Life Support Systems
Adaptation
A Caution: Check the Evidence!
Case Studies for Parasite Zoonoses and Environmental Change
Parasite Zoonoses in Wildlife
Parasite Zoonoses in Marine Systems
Particulate Matter and Public Health
Human Effects Associated With Exposure to PM
Cardiovascular Effect
Diabetes Mellitus
Birth Outcomes
Health Endpoints Associated With Exposure to PM
Long-Term Exposure
Short-Term Exposure
Air Quality Standards
Health Benefits From the Improvement of PM
Summary
Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles in Indoor Air
Behavior, Transport, and Fate of Particles in Indoor Spaces
Infiltration/Penetration
Deposition in Spaces
Resuspension
Particle Formation
Specific Indoor Sources
Cooking Activities
Exposure to Particles in Indoor Spaces
PM in Aboveground Traffic Modes
PM in Subway Metro Systems
Past, Present and Future of Malaria Prevalence and Eradication in the Light of Climate Change
Future Predictions for Malaria Prevalence During Climate Change
Could Malaria Eradication Successes Be Reversed?
PCBs
Background on PCBs
Toxicity of PCBs
Role of Metabolism
Perceptions and Physiological Responses to Indoor Air Quality
Perceptual Mechanisms
Influence of Air Temperature and Humidity
Ozone-Reactive Compounds and Olfaction
Sensory Irritations
Physiological Mechanisms
Enzymatic Biomarkers
Perfluorinated Substances
Commercial and Industrial Uses
Insulating Gas
Blanketing Gas
Fire Extinguisher or Fire Suppression Agent
Persistent Organohalogen Pollutants and Phthalates: Effects on Male Reproductive Function
Further Reading
Pesticide Exposure and Diabetes
Associations of Pesticide Exposure With Insulin Resistance
Further Reading
Pesticide Exposure and Human Cancer
Evidence from Epidemiology
Leukemia
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
Prostate Cancer
Female Breast Cancer
Central nervous system cancer
Childhood Cancer
Limitations of Pesticides Epidemiology
Pesticides: Human Health Effects
Human Exposure to Pesticide
Health Effects
Acute toxicity
Long-Term Health Effects
Neurological effects
Carcinogenicity
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in Children's Human Health Risk Assessment
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Xenobiotics in Children
Factors That Affect Chemical Metabolism in Children
Development of cytochrome P-450 isozymes
Phthalates: Occurrence and Human Exposure
Relevant Websites
Plants as a Tool for the Environmental Health Assessment
Use of Plant Bioassays for the Environmental Health Assessment
Short-Term Laboratory Studies
Platinum: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
Bioaccumulation and Biological Availability
Health Effects
Acknowledgment
Polymorphism and Gene–Environment Interactions in Environmental Cancer
Definition of Genetic Variations and Polymorphisms
Gene–Environment Interactions in Relation to Cancer Risk
Functional Polymorphisms
Missense Polymorphisms
Promoter Polymorphism and Haplotype Context
Gene–Environment Interactions in Relation to Environmental Cancers
The Cytochrome P-450 Phase I and Phase II Enzymes
Prenatal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Clinical Outcomes: Disease Outcomes Associated With Prenatal Exposure to PAH
Adverse Birth and Developmental Outcomes
Further Reading
Principles of Medical Geology
Further Reading
Psychological and Mental Health Aspects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure
Comparisons with Antique Items
Why Not Just Tell Workers, “It is Safe?”
Quality of Life and Environmental Health Assessment
Environment Facets of WHO-QOL
Physical Environment (Pollution, Noise, Traffic, Climate)
The Importance of the Environment Domain in Assessing Overall Quality of Life
Radiation Exposures Due to the Chernobyl Accident
Environmental Radioactive Contamination
Environmental Countermeasures
Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Health Effects
Cancer
Exposure to Occupational RF-EMF
Exposure to RF-EMF from Radio/Television Transmitters
Conclusions
Reproductive Effects of Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants
Introduction
What Are Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants?
What Physiological Processes Affect Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants?
Do Environmental Pollutants Affect Reproduction?
Do Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants Affect Both Sexes?
How Oil-Related Environmental Pollutants Affect Female Reproduction?
How oil-related environmental pollutants affect ovarian morphology and fecundity?
How oil-related environmental pollutants affect female hypothalamic, pituitary and peripheral hormones?
Respiratory Effects of Chlorination Products
Animal Studies
Studies on Human Volunteers
Risk of Radiation Exposure to Children and Their Mothers
I. Risk of Ionizing Radiation Exposure to Children and Their Mothers
Childhood Malignancy Risk from Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
II. Risk of Nonionizing Radiation Exposure to Children and Their Mothers
Reproductive and Teratogenic Risk from Exposure to Nonionizing Radiation
Sanitation in Low-and Middle-Income Countries
Sanitation and Disease
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction
Shared Water Conflict and Cooperation
What Are Shared Waters?
Physical Nature
Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Health
Introduction and Background
Objective and Scope of This Review
Ambient Particulate Matter (PM) and Traffic Related Pollution
Mortality Outcomes
Health Impact Assessment
Soil Quality Criteria for Environmental Pollutants
Setting Environmental Soil Quality Standards for Chemicals
Development of SQSs
Exposure assessment
Solid Fuels: Health Effects
Nature of Solid Fuel Emissions and Exposures
Characteristics of Solid Fuel Smoke Typical Settings in Which Solid Fuels are Used Are Illustrated in Fig. 1
Solid Fuel Use: Health Effect
Pollutant Concentrations and Personal Exposure
Emissions and Pollutants
Mechanisms
Range of Concentrations
Burden of Disease Attributable to Indoor Air Pollution
Sulfur Oxides
Health Effects of Sulfur Oxides
Epidemiology
Effects of short-term exposures
VOLUME 6 T-Z
Front Cover
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Copyright
EDITORIAL BOARD
GUIDE TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Cross-References
Example
Index
Contributors
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 6
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION (THEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS)
Country- and Area-Specific Environmental Health Issues
Dietary Exposures and Food Quality
Disinfection By-products
Disparities and Social Determinants of Environmental Health
Electromagnetic Fields
Environmental Health Emergencies (Disasters)
Ethics in Environmental Health Research and Practice
Target Organ Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 6
PREFACE
PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Take-Home Route of Pesticide Exposure
Results and Discussion
Evidence of Take-Home Pathway
Using biomarkers in mothers/spouses to assess take-home pesticide exposure pathway
Using biomarkers in farmworker children to evaluate take-home pesticide exposure pathway
Take-home in comparison to other pathways of exposure
Seasonality
Thallium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
Toxicity
Toxicity to Animals
Toxicity to Humans
Therapies for Thallium Poisoning
Thallium Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Nonoccupational Exposure Routes
Biomarkers of Thallium Exposure
Tin: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
Introduction
Physical and Chemical Properties
Production and Uses
Toxicity
Differential Toxicity of Organotins
Toxicity in Animals
Human Toxicity
Toenails for Biomonitoring of Environmental Exposures
Relating Biomarker Concentration to Human Exposure
Arsenic
Selenium
Other Elements
Relating the Toenail Biomarker Concentration to Other Biological Tissues
Arsenic
Selenium
Nickel
Temporal Variability in Toenail Elemental Concentrations
Toxicological Pathways of Relevance to Medical Geology
Exposure Pathways
Inhalation Exposure
Drinking Water Exposure
Exposure From Consumption of Contaminated Food
Exposure From Contaminated Soil
Exposure From Adsorption
Metabolism and Toxicological Effects of Xenobiotics
Metabolism of Xenobiotics
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway
Genes, Cancer, and the Immune System
Toxicological Methods in Medical Geology
Isolation of Environmental Xenobiotics for Toxicological Testing
Toxicological Testing Using Cell Lines
Molecular Biological Methods
Toxicology of Chromium(VI)
Exposure to Chromium
Occupational Exposure
Environmental Exposure
Toxicokinetics of Chromium
Absorption
Inhalation
Dermal
Oral
Metabolism
Deposition
Health Effects
Gastrointestinal Effects
Immunological and Hematological Effects
Tuberculosis
Diagnosis
Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays
Chest Radiograph and Computed Tomography of Thorax
Sputum Acid-Fast Bacilli Smear
Sputum Culture
M. bovis
Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
MDR-TB
Tuberculosis: Epidemiology and Global Impact, Including Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Manifestation With Emphasis on Skeletal ...
Tuberculosis
Introduction
WHO End TB Strategy
Pathogenesis
Post-primary TB
Symptoms, Disease Appearance
Primary tuberculosis
Latent TB infection (LTBI)
Progressive primary TB forms
Post—primary tuberculosis (=secondary TB; so-called reactivation TB)
Differential diagnoses
Manifestation locations of TB (Fig. 5)
Diagnostics
Anamnesis and clinical examination
Routine blood test
Radiology
Indirect pathogen detection
Tuberculin skin test (TST) (tuberculin test, PPD (purified protein derivative) test, Mendel-Mantoux intradermal test)
Prophylaxis
Disinfection and hygiene
Vaccination (disposition prophylaxis)
Public health education
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB)
Introduction
Lymph Nodes Tuberculosis (Tuberculous Lymphadenitis)
Genitourinary Tuberculosis (GUTB)
Symptoms
Diagnostics
Therapy
Prognosis
Musculoskeletal TB (=Osteoarticular (OATB), Bone, Joint, Skeletal TB)
Therapy
Characteristics of tuberculous spondylodiscitis (Pott disease)
Characteristics of extraspinal TB
Symptoms
Skin TB
Inoculation form of skin TB (exogenous genesis)
Ultraviolet: Ocular Effects
Epidemiological Studies
Cortical Opacities
Pterygium and Droplet Keratopathies
Erythema
Ocular Cancers
Ultraviolet Radiation and the Skin
Basic Principles
Responses of Cells to UV
Cell Signaling and the Response to UV
Cellular Responses to UV
Long-Term Effects of UV in the Skin
Chronic UV Photodamage
Ultraviolet Radiation Protection
Health Effects of UVR
Acute Health Effects
Chronic Health Effects
Ultraviolet Radiation
Spectral Weighting
Protection Factors
Solar UVR
Factors Affecting Solar UVR
Occupational Exposures and Solar UVR
Personal Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation
Protection against Solar UVR
Personal Protective Equipment
Sunscreens
Hats
Sunglasses
UN Convention on Wetlands (RAMSAR): Implications for Human Health
The Ramsar Convention as a Vehicle for Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach: Functioning and Efficiency of the Global N ...
Convergence/Divergence Between Targets of Wetland Conservation and Ecosystem Health
The Potential for Recharging of Aquifers
The Buffering Potential of Wetlands in Relation to Flooding
Wetlands as a Key Source of Food, Nutrition, and Medicine
UN Convention to Combat Desertification
The Definition of “Desertification” and the Background of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification
The Definition of Desertification
Achievements, Good Practices, and Experience to Combat Desertification
Implementation of UNCCD
Technical Measures and Experience to Combat Desertification
Prioritization of preventive measures for combating desertification
Combating desertification by afforestation and reafforestation
Establishment of desert–oasis protective shelterbelt systems
Establishment of protective shelterbelt systems in sandy land areas
Establishment of shelterbelt systems in sandy land areas
Function of vegetation protection project
The “3-circles”
Biological, mechanical, and chemical approaches to stabilize sands
Artificial earth dyke to stop and accumulate shifting sands
Ditches to accumulate shifting sands
Sand barriers for blocking sands
Mulching networks for controlling sands
Further Reading
Uranium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
Uranium in Humans
Pathway of Intake
Uranium Biokinetic in the Body
Health Effects
Acute Health Effects
High Level of Exposure
Alimentary tract
Uranium: Toxicity to Renal Cells and Osteoblasts
Mechanisms of Action
Renal Cells
Urban Environments and Health
Urban Environments and Health
Frameworks for Urban Environmental Health
Macro-level social processes
Urban Environments: Housing, Food Systems, and Transportation Systems
Housing
Food Systems and Food Security
Promoting urban health through equitable food environments
Transportation Systems
Promoting urban health through transportation environments
Urban Health Indicators: The Role of Data Disparities
Urban Transportation and Human Health
Inequalities and Social Justice
Loss of Alternative Uses of Street Space
Impact of Transportation and Other Policies on Health and Inequalities in Health
Measures to Reduce Traffic Speed: An Example of Policy Impacts on Health
Congestion
Traffic Reduction
Using Testate Amoebae Communities to Evaluate Environmental Stress: A Molecular Biology Perspective
Introduction
How to Indicate Environmental Health/Stress?
Vanadium: Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
The Presence of Vanadium in Living Organisms
Vanadium in Plants
Vanadium in Marine Organisms
Vanadium in Higher Vertebrates
Vanadium in Human Tissues
The Effects of Excessive Vanadium Exposure
Biochemical Effects
Vector Borne Disease and Climate Change
Possible Mechanisms of Climate Change and Vectorborne Diseases
Existing Evidence of Climate Sensitivity and Vectorborne Diseases
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Ventilation
Consideration of Isolation Room Ventilation
Natural Ventilation Is an Option?
Hybrid Ventilation: Taking the Best of Both
War and Environmental Health: Chemical Warfare Agents
Exposure
Case Studies and Site-Specific Risk Assessment
Spring Valley (Washington DC)
White Sea
Beaufort’s Dyke
Waterborne Parasites in North Africa Environment
Prevalence, Transmission and Symptomatology
Protozoa
Occurrence of Parasites in Sewage and in Sludge
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco
Water Environment Management in India
Water Use in India
Domestic Water Use
Water Use in Industries
Water Use for Hydropower Generation
Weather, Pollen Concentrations and Allergic Rhenitis
Definition and Classification of Allergic Rhinitis
Allergenic Process
Effects of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Pollen Production and Public Health
Climate
Worldwide Regulatory Strategies and Policies for Drinking Water
Key Principles
Regulations Should Regulate Drinking Water from Catchment to Consumer, Using Multiple Barriers
Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders Should Be Clearly Delineated within Regulations
Zika Virus: A Compendium of the State of Knowledge
Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Zinc Toxicity in Humans
Acute Health Effects
Chronic and Subchronic Toxicity
Gastrointestinal Toxicity
Hemotoxicity
Diabetes
Epigenetic De-Regulation
Zinc—The Dark Horse of the Brain
Multiple Sclerosis
Vascular Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Prion Disease
INDEX
AUTHOR INDEX