Mankind has a fascination with measurement. Down the centuries we have produced a plethora of incompatible and duplicatory systems for measuring everything from the width of an Egyptian pyramid to the concentration of radioactivity near a nuclear reactor and the value of the fine structure constant. With the introduction first of the metric system and of its successor the Système International d'Unités (SI), the scientific community has established a standard method of measurement based on only seven core units.
The ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SCIENTIFIC UNITS, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES converts the huge variety of units from all over the world in every period of recorded history into units of the SI.
Featuring: * An A - Z of conversion tables for over 10,000 units of measurements. * Tables of the fundamental constants of nature with their units. * Listings of professional societies, and national standardization bodies for easy reference. * An extensive bibliography detailing further reading on the multifarious aspects of measurement and its units.
This huge work is simply a "must have" for any reference library frequented by scientists of any discipline or by those with historical interests in units of measurement such as archaeologists.
SOME PRAISE FOR THE PREVIOUS EDITION:
NEW SCIENTIST "If you tire of flicking through piles of textbooks looking for the formulas for converting noggins into litres or foot-pound-force per hour into megawatts, do not despair. Chuck out the lot and buy SCIENTIFIC UNIT CONVERSION by Francois Cardarelli which claims to contain every scientific unit ever used ... All weights, volumes, powers, areas, field strengths - you name it, it's here. A gem for engineers, scientists, historians, journalists ..."
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY "This is a really extraordinary book ... thanks to an excellent, judiciously condensed method of presentation, permits the conversion into metric units of any type of measure."
Author(s): François Cardarelli, M.J. Shields
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 884
City: London ; New York
Tags: Метрология и сертификация;
Front Matter......Page 1
Acknowledgments......Page 4
Working Areas......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of Tables......Page 19
1.1 Why a Conversion Handbook?......Page 27
1.2 How to Use This Book......Page 28
2.1 History......Page 29
2.2 The General Conference on Weights and Measures......Page 32
2.3.1 SI Base Units......Page 36
2.3.2 SI Supplementary Units......Page 38
2.3.3 SI Derived Units......Page 39
2.3.4.2 Non-SI Units Defined by Experiment......Page 40
2.4 SI Prefixes......Page 41
3.1.2 The MTS System......Page 45
3.2.1 The cgs System......Page 46
3.2.1.2 The emu Subsystem......Page 47
3.2.2 The Gauss System......Page 48
3.2.4 Atomic Units (a.u.)......Page 51
3.3.1 Imperial Units......Page 53
3.3.1.1 Imperial Units of Length......Page 55
3.3.1.1.2 UK Nautical Measure......Page 56
3.3.1.2 Imperial Units of Area......Page 58
3.3.1.2.3 Circular Units......Page 59
3.3.1.3.1 UK Measures of Volume......Page 60
3.3.1.4.1 UK Avoirdupois Weight......Page 61
3.3.1.4.3 UK Troy Weight......Page 65
3.3.2.1.1 US Linear Measure......Page 67
3.3.2.2.1 US Measures of Area......Page 68
3.3.2.2.2 US Surveyors' Measure......Page 69
3.3.2.3.3 US Dry Measure......Page 70
3.3.2.4.2 US Apothecaries' Weight......Page 72
3.3.2.4.3 US Troy Weight......Page 73
3.3.3.2 UK Units for Beer, Wines, and Spirits......Page 74
3.3.3.4 UK Units for Clothes......Page 75
3.3.3.8 US Units of Capacity for Wine......Page 77
3.3.3.12 UK and US Dimensionless Counting Units......Page 79
3.4 The Foot-pound-second (FPS) System......Page 80
3.5 Ancient and Obsolete Systems of Weights and Measures......Page 85
3.5.1 Systems from Antiquity......Page 86
3.5.1.1.4 Old Chinese Units of Capacity......Page 87
3.5.1.3.2 Egyptian Units of Area......Page 91
3.5.1.4.2 Persian Units of Area......Page 95
3.5.1.5.2 Hebrew Units of Weight (Sacred System)......Page 97
3.5.1.6.1 Greek Units of Length......Page 98
3.5.1.7.2 Roman Units of Area......Page 100
3.5.1.8.4 Arabic Units of Capacity......Page 103
3.5.2.1.1 Old French System (Ancien Regime)......Page 104
3.5.2.1.3 Old Belgian System......Page 114
3.5.2.1.4 Old Swiss System......Page 115
3.5.2.1.5 Old Scottish System......Page 116
3.5.2.1.6 Old Irish System......Page 117
3.5.2.1.7 Old Italian System......Page 118
3.5.2.1.8 Old Spanish System (Castillian)......Page 119
3.5.2.1.9 Old Portuguese System......Page 121
3.5.2.1.10 Old Maltese System......Page 124
3.5.2.1.11 Old Balearic Islands System......Page 125
3.5.2.1.12 Old Greek System......Page 126
3.5.2.1.13 Old Cypriot System......Page 127
3.5.2.1.14 Old Turkish System......Page 128
3.5.2.2.1 Old Austrian System......Page 130
3.5.2.2.2 Old German System (Prussian)......Page 131
3.5.2.2.3 Old Yugoslavian System......Page 134
3.5.2.2.4 Old Czechoslovakian System......Page 135
3.5.2.2.6 Old Romanian System......Page 136
3.5.2.2.7 Old Dutch System......Page 137
3.5.2.2.8 Old Danish System......Page 138
3.5.2.2.9 Old Polish System......Page 140
3.5.2.2.10 Old Swedish System......Page 144
3.5.2.2.12 Old Finnish System......Page 148
3.5.2.2.14 Old Estonian System......Page 149
3.5.2.2.15 Old Latvian System......Page 151
3.5.2.2.16 Old Russian System......Page 152
3.5.2.3.1 Old Moroccan System......Page 155
3.5.2.3.2 Old Algerian System......Page 158
3.5.2.3.3 Old Tunisian System......Page 159
3.5.2.3.4 Old Libyan System......Page 160
3.5.2.3.5 Old Egyptian System......Page 161
3.5.2.3.6 Old Abyssinian System......Page 163
3.5.2.3.8 Old Ethiopian System......Page 164
3.5.2.3.10 Old Guinean System......Page 165
3.5.2.4.1 Old Saudi-Arabian System......Page 168
3.5.2.4.2 Old Persian System......Page 169
3.5.2.4.4 Old Turkmenian System......Page 171
3.5.2.4.6 Old Burmese System......Page 172
3.5.2.4.7 Old Ceylonese and Madrasian System......Page 176
3.5.2.4.9 Old Cambodian System......Page 177
3.5.2.4.10 Old Thai System......Page 179
3.5.2.4.12 Old Philippine System......Page 184
3.5.2.4.13 Old Japanese System......Page 186
3.5.2.5.2 Old Haitian System......Page 189
3.5.2.5.3 Old Honduran, Costa-Rican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, and Guatemalan System......Page 190
3.5.2.5.5 Old Colombian System......Page 191
3.5.2.5.6 Old Brazilian System......Page 192
3.5.2.5.7 Old Paraguayan System......Page 193
3.5.2.5.8 Old Argentinian System......Page 194
3.5.2.5.9 Old Chilean System......Page 195
3.5.2.5.10 Old Peruvian System......Page 196
3.5.2.6.1 Old Mexican System......Page 197
4.1 Units in Alphabetical Order......Page 199
4.1.1 a.u. of Action - Acetabulum (Roman)......Page 203
4.1.2 Achir (Qasaba) - Akey (Guinean)......Page 206
4.1.3 Ako (Hungarian) - Ampere per Square Inch......Page 211
4.1.4 Ampere per Square Metre - Ardeb (Abyssinian, Long)......Page 217
4.1.5 Ardeb (Egyptian) - Atmosphere Cubic Foot per Min......Page 222
4.1.6 Atmosphere Cubic Metre per Hour - Baker's Dozen......Page 228
4.1.7 Bale (Brazilian, Cotton) - Baromil......Page 234
4.1.8 Barony (US) - Batman (Turkish)......Page 239
4.1.9 Batman (Turkmenian) - Bes (Roman)......Page 245
4.1.10 Bigha (India) - Bokard (Saudi Arabian)......Page 251
4.1.11 Bole - Brig......Page 256
4.1.12 Brill - Button (UK) (UK Line)......Page 261
4.1.13 Button (US) (US Line) - Calemin (Spanish, Dry)......Page 268
4.1.14 Calibre (Centiinch) - Cantaro (Tunisian, Attari)......Page 273
4.1.15 Cantaro (Tunisian, Khaddari) - Celo......Page 280
4.1.16 Celsius Degree - Chain (Scottish)......Page 286
4.1.17 Chain (UK, Nautical) Tochopine (Provence, Wine)......Page 292
4.1.18 Chopine (Scottish, Liq.) - Coefficient of Performance......Page 297
4.1.19 Coffee Measure (US) - Covid (Ceylon)......Page 302
4.1.20 Covid (Indian, Bombay) - Cubic Foot per UK Ton......Page 307
4.1.21 Cubic Gigametre - Daneq (Arabic)......Page 313
4.1.22 Daniell - Dextre (Montpellier)......Page 320
4.1.23 Dha (Burmese) - Dots (Points) per Inch......Page 328
4.1.24 Double Pace (US, Military) - Duime (Russian Inch)......Page 334
4.1.25 Dung (Persian) - Endere (Romanian)......Page 341
4.1.26 Energy Efficiency Rating - Fanega (Cuban)......Page 347
4.1.27 Fanega (Guatemalan) - Fen (Chinese)......Page 354
4.1.28 Feralin (Icelandic) - Fod (Norwegian)......Page 360
4.1.29 Foot - Fotmal (UK, Lead)......Page 368
4.1.30 Fourier - Gallon (US, Liq.)......Page 375
4.1.31 Gallon (US) per Day per Capita - Gill (US, Liq.)......Page 382
4.1.32 Giornata (Italian) - Guz (Indian, Bombay)......Page 389
4.1.33 Guz (Indian, Calcutta) - Hekatomb (Greek)......Page 396
4.1.34 Hektos (Greek, Attic) - Inch of Mercury (60¨F)......Page 403
4.1.35 Inch of Rainfall - Jun (Chinese) (Kwan)......Page 411
4.1.36 Jungfru (Swedish) - Khous (Greek Gallon)......Page 419
4.1.37 Kieselgur Unit - Kiyak-kin (Japanese)......Page 427
4.1.38 Klafter (Austrian) [Austrian Fathom] - Kwarta (Polish)......Page 433
4.1.39 Kwarterka (Polish) - Legua (Mexican)......Page 439
4.1.40 Legua (Paraguayan) - Light-year (Annee-lumiere)......Page 446
4.1.41 Ligne (de Paris) (French Line) - Lockie (Polish, Cracow)......Page 452
4.1.42 Lockie (Polish, New) - Mach......Page 458
4.1.43 Mache Unit - Marok (Hungarian)......Page 464
4.1.44 Marta (Libyan) - Mesh......Page 470
4.1.45 Mesh - Mignonette (French)......Page 476
4.1.46 Mignonne - Millia (Roman) [Roman Mile]......Page 482
4.1.47 Milliampere per Square Centimetre - Miner's Inch......Page 488
4.1.48 Mingelen (Dutch) - Mole per Litre......Page 494
4.1.49 Momme - Nautical Mile (International)......Page 500
4.1.50 Nautical Mile (UK) - Nox......Page 506
4.1.51 Noy - Ohm (Mechanical, SI)......Page 512
4.1.52 Ohm (Prussian) - Ottingkar (Danish, Dry)......Page 518
4.1.53 Oukia (Arabic) - Palestra (Greek, Attic) [Greek Palm]......Page 524
4.1.54 Paletz (Russian) - Payok (Russian, Dry)......Page 530
4.1.55 Pe (Brazilian) - Perm (23°C)......Page 536
4.1.56 Perm-inch (0°C) - Picul (Chinese)......Page 542
4.1.57 Picul (Indonesian) - Pipa (Spanish)......Page 548
4.1.58 Pipe (Danish, Liq.) - Pond (Amsterdam)......Page 554
4.1.59 Pond (Dutch) [Dutch Pound] - Pound (UK, Straw)......Page 560
4.1.60 Pound (UK, Mercantile) - Pulgada (Spanish)......Page 566
4.1.61 Pulgada (Venezuelan) - Quart (US, Dry)......Page 572
4.1.62 Quart (US, Liquid) - Quinto (Guinean)......Page 578
4.1.63 Quinze-seize (de Paris) - Register Ton (UK)......Page 584
4.1.64 Rehoboam (Rehoboam) - Rottolo (Somalian)......Page 590
4.1.65 Rottolo (Syrian) - Salinity of Seawater......Page 597
4.1.66 Salma (Maltese) - Scruple (Swiss, Apothecary)......Page 603
4.1.67 Scruple (UK Fluid) - Sextarius (Roman, Liq.)......Page 609
4.1.68 Sextarius (Roman, Dry) - Sir (Turkmenian)......Page 615
4.1.69 Siriometre - Square (UK, US)......Page 621
4.1.70 Square (Cubic Metre) per Square Mole - Square Picometre......Page 628
4.1.71 Square Plethron (Attic) - Stang (Welsh)......Page 634
4.1.72 Stapp - Stringene (Romanian)......Page 640
4.1.73 Strob - Tarri (Algerian)......Page 646
4.1.74 Tassoo (Indian, Bombay) - Thang (Cambodian)......Page 652
4.1.75 That (Annamese) - Toise (Swiss)......Page 659
4.1.76 Toise Cube (Haitian) - Tonelada (Spanish)......Page 665
4.1.77 Tonelada (Venezuelan) - Tun (UK, Beer)......Page 671
4.1.78 Tun (US, Liq.) - Vara (Argentinian)......Page 677
4.1.79 Vara (Brazilian) - Volume Unit......Page 683
4.1.80 Voxel - Wloka (Polish, Warsaw)......Page 689
4.1.81 Woebe (Persian) - Yen (Annamese)......Page 695
4.1.82 Yin (Chinese) [Yan] - Zuzah (Hebrew) [Talmudic System]......Page 701
4.2.1 Conversion Tables for Units of Mass......Page 705
Table 4.2.2.1 Conversion Table: Units of Length: Multiples and Submultiples (SI)......Page 715
Table 4.2.2.2 Conversion Table: Units of Length (>1 m)......Page 717
Table 4.2.2.3 Conversion Table: Units of Length (<1 m)......Page 721
Table 4.2.2.4 Conversion Table: Units of Length (Typography)......Page 725
4.2.3 Conversion Tables for Units of Area......Page 726
4.2.4 Conversion Tables for Units of Volume and Capacity......Page 733
4.2.5 Conversion Table for Units of Linear Density......Page 739
4.2.6 Conversion Table for Units of Surface Mass Density......Page 740
4.2.7 Conversion Table for Units of Mass Density......Page 741
4.2.8 Conversion Table for Units of Specific Gravity......Page 743
4.2.9 Conversion Table for Units of Time......Page 745
4.2.10 Conversion Table for Units of Dynamic Viscosity......Page 747
4.2.11 Conversion Table for Units of Kinematic Viscosity......Page 748
4.2.12 Conversion Table for Units of Linear Velocity......Page 749
4.2.13 Conversion Table for Units of Angular Velocity......Page 751
4.2.14 Conversion Table for Units of Force......Page 753
4.2.15 Conversion Table for Units of Pressure and Stress......Page 755
4.2.16 Conversion Table for Units of Energy, Heat and Work......Page 759
4.2.17 Conversion Table for Units of Power......Page 761
4.2.18 Conversion Table for Units of Plane and Solid Angle......Page 765
4.2.19 Conversion Table for Units of Thermal Conductivity......Page 767
4.2.20 Conversion Tables for Units of Concentration......Page 769
4.2.21 Conversion Table for Units of Temperature......Page 771
4.2.22 Conversion Table for Electrical Units......Page 772
4.2.23 Conversion Table for Units Used in Magnetism......Page 773
4.2.24 Conversion Table for Photometric Units......Page 774
4.2.25 Conversion Table for Units Used in Nuclear Sciences......Page 775
4.2.26 Conversion Table for Energy Equivalents for Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 776
4.2.27 Conversion Table for Ideal Gas Constant in Various Units......Page 777
4.2.28 Conversion Table for Dimensions for Permeability Coefficients......Page 778
4.2.29 Conversion Table for International Kinematic Viscosity Indices......Page 779
4.2.30 Conversion Table for Standard Sieve Designation Series......Page 782
4.2.31 Conversion Table for International Standard Wire and Sheet Gauges......Page 786
4.2.32.1 Nominal Pipe Sizes: 1/8 - 12......Page 790
4.2.32.2 Nominal Pipe Sizes: 14 - 42......Page 796
5.1 Fundamental Mathematical Constants......Page 802
5.2 Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 803
6.2 Roman Numerals......Page 811
6.3 Rules about Large Numbers (>1 000 000)......Page 812
6.5 National, Regional and International Standardization Bodies......Page 813
6.5.1 International Standards Bodies......Page 814
6.5.2.1.1 ABBS - INDECOPI......Page 816
6.5.2.1.2 INEN - ZSM......Page 823
6.5.2.2.1 AA - CDA......Page 832
6.5.2.2.2 DIS - USPTO......Page 838
6.6 Acceleration Due to Gravity at any Latitude and Elevation......Page 843
6.7 International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS, 1968)......Page 844
6.8 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)......Page 845
6.9 French-English Lexicon for Units......Page 846
6.10 French-English Lexicon for Physical Quantities......Page 848
6.11 International Clothing and Shoe Sizes (US, UK, Europe, and Japan)......Page 852
6.13 Old Alchemical Symbols Used in Astronomy, Chemistry, and Biology......Page 855
6.14 International Geological Time Scale......Page 856
6.15 Old Symbols Used in the British System......Page 859
6.17 Standard Paper Sizes (ISO and US)......Page 860
6.18 International Country Code Designations......Page 862
6.19 International Currency Codes......Page 869
7.1 Specific References......Page 871
7.2 References about the Metric System and the SI......Page 873
7.3 References of General Interest......Page 874
7.4 Historical References......Page 875
7.5 International and National Standards......Page 877
