Empire of Hell: Religion and the Campaign to End Convict Transportation in the British Empire, 1788–1875 by Hilary M. Carey. 2019 | ISBN: 1107043085 | English | 372 pages | PDF | 3 MB
This revisionist history of convict transportation from Britain and Ireland will challenge much that you thought you knew about religion and penal colonies. Based on original archival sources, it examines arguments by elites in favour and against the practice of transportation and considers why they thought it could be reformed, and, later, why it should be abolished. In this, the first religious history of the anti-transportation campaign, Hilary M. Carey addresses all the colonies and denominations engaged in the debate. Without minimising the individual horror of transportation, she demonstrates the wide variety of reformist experiments conducted in the Australian penal colonies, as well as the hulks, Bermuda and Gibraltar. She showcases the idealists who fought for more humane conditions for prisoners, as well as the 'political parsons', who lobbied to bring transportation to an end. The complex arguments about convict transportation, which were engaged in by bishops, judges, priests, politicians and intellectuals, crossed continents and divided an empire.
Author(s): Hilary M. Carey
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 374
Tags: Penal Transportation: Great Britain: History: 18th Century, Penal Transportation: Great Britain: History: 19th Century, Criminal Justice, Administration Of: Great Britain: History: 18th Century, Criminal Justice, Administration Of: Great Britain: History: 19th Century, Criminal Justice, Administration Of, Penal Transportation, Great Britain History
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title page......Page 5
Copyright information......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Tables......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 14
1 Introduction: 'Empire of Hell'......Page 15
Reform and Religion......Page 17
British Penal Transportation......Page 24
Anti-Transportation and Its Historians......Page 29
Conclusion......Page 37
2 Saints, Whigs and Penal Colonies, 1788-1822......Page 39
Age of Atonement......Page 40
Evangelicals and Penal Colonies......Page 44
Gaol Chaplains......Page 52
The Penitentiary Movement......Page 56
Prison Discipline Society......Page 59
Bigge Reports......Page 62
Conclusion......Page 66
3 'Hell upon Earth': Sir George Arthur in Van Diemen's Land, 1823-1837......Page 68
Arthur the Evangelical......Page 70
Ministering to Convicts......Page 75
'Gaol to the Empire'......Page 79
Arthur v Whately......Page 83
Observations on Secondary Punishments (1833)......Page 84
Defence of Transportation (1835)......Page 88
Conclusion......Page 89
4 Quakers and Convict Concerns......Page 91
Anti-Slavery and Its Heirs......Page 92
Quakers and Penal Reform......Page 93
Elizabeth Fry and Convict Women......Page 96
Backhouse and Walker......Page 100
Later Travellers......Page 110
Conclusion......Page 112
5 Christian Utilitarianism and Archbishop Richard Whately......Page 115
Christian Utilitarianism and Penal Reform......Page 116
Liberal Anglicans......Page 118
Thomas Chalmers, 1832......Page 120
Richard Whately......Page 121
Transportation (1829)......Page 124
Thoughts on Secondary Punishments (1832)......Page 125
Remarks on Transportation (1834)......Page 128
Responses to Whately......Page 130
Conclusion......Page 135
6 Catholics, Protestants and the 'Horrors of Transportation'......Page 137
Catholics and Convicts......Page 138
Judge Burton (1835)......Page 144
Molesworth SC on Transportation, 1836......Page 148
William Bernard Ullathorne......Page 152
The Catholic Mission in Australasia (1837)......Page 156
The Horrors of Transportation 1838......Page 159
Horrors of Transportation......Page 161
Conclusion......Page 167
7 'Ocean Hell': Captain Maconochie and Norfolk Island, 1837-1855......Page 169
Norfolk Island......Page 171
Captain Maconochie......Page 174
Report on the State of Prison Discipline, 1838......Page 176
Maconochie on Norfolk Island, 1840-1844......Page 180
Norfolk Island (1847)......Page 185
The Mark System, 1847......Page 186
Verdict on Maconochie......Page 190
Conclusion......Page 195
8 Probation in Van Diemen's Land, 1839-1857......Page 197
Pentonville, 1842......Page 198
'Portal to the Penal Colony'......Page 201
Probation and Lord John Russell......Page 204
Probation in Van Diemen's Land......Page 213
Religious Instructors......Page 218
La Trobe's Verdict on Probation......Page 224
After Probation......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 231
9 'Political Parsons' and the Anti-Transportation Movement, 1847-1854......Page 233
Last Convicts to New South Wales......Page 236
Earl Grey's Exiles......Page 241
The Hashemy: 1849......Page 244
The Neptune, 1851......Page 246
John McEncroe......Page 253
John West......Page 255
No Political Parsons......Page 261
Conclusion......Page 268
10 'Floating Hells': Bermuda, Gibraltar and the Hulks, 1850-1875......Page 271
Bermuda, 1824-1865......Page 272
Gibraltar, 1842-1875......Page 273
Religion and the Hulks......Page 279
Elliot and the Irish Prisoners......Page 284
Rev. John Melville Guilding......Page 290
Conclusion......Page 294
11 'Reformatory Colony': Western Australia, 1850-1868......Page 296
Convicts to Western Australia......Page 297
Reformation Not Punishment......Page 299
Anti-Transportation and the Garrotting Panic......Page 313
The End of Transportation......Page 317
12 Conclusion: 'This Great Scheme of Human Redemption'......Page 320
Reformative Transportation......Page 322
Debating Transportation......Page 324
Legacies of Transportation......Page 329
Postscript: 'This Great Scheme of Human Redemption'......Page 331
Australia......Page 334
United Kingdom......Page 335
B British Parliamentary Papers and Official Publications......Page 336
D Published Primary Sources......Page 340
E Published Secondary Sources......Page 348
F Theses......Page 365
Index......Page 367
