Emerging Trends in Energy Storage Systems and Industrial Applications

Front Cover
Emerging Trends in Energy Storage Systems and Industrial Applications
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Artificial intelligence and machine learning applications in energy storage system: technology overview and perspectives
Chapter Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of energy storage systems
1.2.1 Mechanical energy storage systems
1.2.2 Pumped hydro storage systems
1.2.3 Compressed air energy storage systems
1.2.4 Liquid air energy storage systems
1.2.5 Flywheel energy storage systems
1.2.6 Thermal energy storage systems
1.2.7 Electrostatic and magnetic energy storage systems
1.2.8 Chemical energy storage systems
1.2.9 Battery energy storage systems
1.3 Hybrid energy storage system
1.4 Artificial intelligence-based energy storage systems
1.5 Energy storage system control strategy
1.6 Machine learning-based energy storage system
1.7 Energy storage policies and standards
1.8 Barriers and potential solutions
1.9 Environmental impacts of energy storage systems
1.10 Conclusions
References
2 Design of power electronic devices in the domain of energy storage
Chapter Outline
Nomenclature
Index
Highlights of the chapter
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification and importance of power electronic devices in energy storage
2.2.1 Classification of energy storage
2.2.2 Necessity of energy storage
2.2.3 Role of power electronic device in energy storage
2.3 Power electronic devices
2.3.1 History of semiconductor device development
2.3.2 Various power electronic devices
2.3.3 Specifications of power electronic device
2.3.4 Parameters associated with power electronic device
2.3.5 Various applications of power electronic device
2.4 Power electronic converter circuits
2.4.1 Basic converter topology
2.4.2 Converters in wind energy generations
2.4.3 Converters in solar power generation
2.4.4 Converters used in fuel cells
2.4.5 Power electronic converters in tidal power generation
2.5 Power conditioning system for energy storage
2.5.1 Battery management system using power electronic device
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Investigation of cushion gas/working gas ratios of underground salt caverns for hydrogen storage
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
Greek symbols
Subscripts
Index
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and methods
3.3 Results and discussion
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Energy storage in capacitor banks
Chapter Outline
Highlights of the chapter
Nomenclature
Index
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy storage capacitor
4.2.1 Conventional capacitor
4.2.2 Electrochemical capacitors
4.2.2.1 Electrostatic double-layer capacitors
4.2.2.2 Pseudocapacitors
4.2.2.3 Hybrid supercapacitors
4.2.3 Comparison of supercapacitor and other storage devices
4.3 Capacitor model
4.3.1 Capacitor parameters
4.3.2 Shot life of capacitor
4.3.3 Test methods
4.3.4 Switch/triggering pulse generator
4.3.5 Transmission system
4.3.6 Power feed
4.4 Topology of capacitor bank circuit
4.4.1 Equivalent circuit of an energy storage capacitor bank
4.5 Charging and discharging operation
4.5.1 Constant voltage charging
4.5.2 Constant current charging
4.5.3 Constant power charging
4.5.4 Resonant charging
4.6 Application of capacitor bank storage system
4.6.1 Power quality improvement
4.6.2 Power factor improvement
4.6.3 voltage stabilizer
4.6.4 Hybrid electric vehicle
4.6.5 Uninterrupted power supply
4.6.6 Renewable energy application
4.6.7 Portable power supply
4.6.8 Adjustable speed drive
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Energy management systems for battery electric vehicles
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Propulsion system in battery electric vehicles
5.2.1 Driving cycles
5.2.1.1 Comparison of speed values based on calculations and application usage
5.2.1.2 Change the speed value to 0m/s for the actual stop condition
5.2.1.3 Filling in blank data with linear regression
5.2.1.4 Changing data spikes with linear regression
5.2.2 Free body diagram of a vehicle
5.2.3 Key drivetrain components for battery electric vehicle
5.2.3.1 Electric motor
5.2.3.1.1 DC electric motor
5.2.3.1.2 AC electric motor
5.2.3.2 Batteries
5.2.4 Configurations for the propulsion system
5.3 Strategies for energy management systems in electric vehicle
5.3.1 Regenerative braking
5.3.2 Range extender
5.3.3 Charging system
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6 Electrochemical energy storage part I: development, basic principle and conventional systems
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
6.1 General introduction
6.2 History
6.3 Thermodynamics and basic principle
6.4 Batteries
6.4.1 Primary batteries
6.4.1.1 Liquid cathode batteries
6.4.1.1.1 Lithium/sulfur dioxide (Li/SO2) batteries
6.4.1.1.2 Lithium/thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) batteries
6.4.1.2 Solid-state electrolyte batteries
6.4.1.2.1 Lithium-iodine cells
6.4.1.3 Solid cathode batteries
6.4.1.3.1 Lithium manganese oxide (Li-MnO2) batteries
6.4.1.3.2 Lithium polycarbon fluoride cells
6.4.1.3.3 Lithium iron batteries
6.4.1.3.4 Zinc-manganese di-oxide batteries (Leclanche´, Zinc Chloride Cell, and alkaline batteries)
6.4.1.3.5 Zinc–mercuric oxide battery
6.4.1.3.6 Zinc-silver oxide battery
6.4.2 Secondary batteries
6.4.2.1 Lead-acid batteries
6.4.2.2 Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries
6.4.2.3 Lithium-ion batteries
6.4.2.3.1 Insertion types cathodes
6.4.2.3.2 Lithium-ion batteries anode materials
6.4.2.4 Sodium-ion batteries
6.4.2.5 Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs)
6.4.2.6 Multivalent rechargeable batteries
6.5 Electrochemical capacitors
6.5.1 Electric double-layer capacitors
6.5.2 Pseudo-capacitors
6.6 Fuel cells
6.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Thermal energy storage systems
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
7.1 Introduction and the working principle
7.1.1 Sensible thermal storage systems
7.1.2 Latent thermal energy storage systems
7.1.2.1 Organic thermal storage materials
7.1.2.2 Inorganic latent thermal storage materials
7.1.2.3 Eutectic thermal storage materials
7.1.2.3.1 Determining the eutectic point using the phase diagram
7.1.2.3.2 Using the governing equations
7.1.3 Chemical reaction thermal (thermochemical) storage systems
7.2 Different employed technologies for thermal energy storage
7.3 Conclusion
References
8 Hybrid energy storage devices: Li-ion and Na-ion capacitors
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Novelty
Nomenclatures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electrochemical energy storage devices
8.3 Electrochemical capacitors
8.3.1 Electric double-layer capacitors
8.3.2 Pseudocapacitors
8.4 Hybrid energy storage device: motivation
8.4.1 Hybrid lithium-ion capacitors
8.4.2 Electrode for lithium-ion capacitors
8.4.2.1 Cathode
8.4.2.1.1 Carbon-based materials
8.4.2.1.2 Activated carbon
8.4.2.1.3 Graphene
8.4.2.1.4 Carbon nanotube (CNT)
8.4.2.1.5 Other cathode materials used in lithium-ion capacitors
8.4.2.2 Anode
8.4.2.2.1 Carbon materials
8.4.2.2.2 Graphitized carbon
8.4.2.2.3 Non-graphitized carbon
8.4.2.2.4 Titanium-based materials
8.4.2.2.5 Advantages
8.4.2.2.6 Disadvantages
8.4.2.2.7 Pseudocapacitive materials for lithium-ion capacitor
8.4.2.2.8 Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)
8.4.2.2.9 Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5)
8.4.2.2.10 Manganese oxide (MnO)
8.4.2.2.11 Silicon (Si) based materials
8.5 Hybrid Na-ion capacitor
8.5.1 Electrochemical technique
8.5.2 Chemical reaction
8.5.3 Electrode materials for Na-ion capacitor
8.5.3.1 Anode materials for Na-ion capacitor
8.5.3.1.1 Hard carbon materials
8.5.3.1.2 Transition metal dichalcogenides composite-based materials
8.5.3.1.3 Ti/Nb-based compounds
8.5.3.2 Cathode materials for Na-ion capacitor
8.5.3.2.1 Carbon materials
8.5.3.2.2 MXenes
8.5.3.2.3 Na2Fe2(SO4)3
8.5.3.2.4 Na0.44MnO2
8.6 Challenges and future perspective
References
9 Electrochemical energy storage systems
Chapter Outline
Nomenclature and abbreviation
Highlight
9.1 Introduction to electrochemical energy storage
9.2 Electrochemical energy storage technologies
9.2.1 Supercapacitors
9.2.2 Batteries
9.3 Primary batteries
9.4 Supercapacitor
9.5 Lithium-ion batteries
9.5.1 Lithium-ion battery anode
9.5.2 Lithium-ion battery cathode
9.5.3 Lithium-ion battery electrolyte
9.6 Redox flow batteries
9.6.1 Redox flow battery cell chemistries
9.7 Emerging technologies
9.7.1 Sodium-ion batteries
9.7.2 Solid-state batteries
9.7.3 Multivalent cation systems
9.8 Outlook and conclusions
Acknowledgments
Reference
10 Energy harvesting and storage for stand-alone microsystems
Chapter Outline
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Energy harvesting systems
10.2.1 Thermoelectric
10.2.2 Solar
10.2.3 Piezoelectric
10.2.4 Electronics and storage
10.3 Conclusions
References
11 Techno-economic appraisal for large-scale energy storage systems
Chapter Outline
Highlights
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Energy storage technologies for smart grids
11.2.1 Benefits and costs associated with smart grids
11.2.2 Benefits of smart grids integrating large-scale energy storage
11.2.3 Energy storage options for smart grids
11.3 Techno-economic models for energy storage and power systems
11.4 Future techno-economic appraisals of energy storage for smart grids
11.4.1 Electrification of transport and electric vehicles
11.4.2 Heating and cooling of the built environment
11.4.3 Energy storage for nuclear power
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12 Battery energy storage systems in microgrids
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Dynamic model of an IACMG system with BESS and static and dynamic loads
12.3 Mode control of the BESS for load leveling application
12.4 Results and discussions
12.5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
13 Battery energy storage in micro-grids
Chapter Outline
Highlight
Nomenclature
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Definitions of micro-grids
13.1.2 Battery energy storage systems technology
13.2 Optimal planning of battery energy storage systems considering battery degradation effects
13.2.1 Related works
13.2.2 Battery lifetime modeling
13.2.3 Taguchi’s orthogonal array testing-based uncertainty modeling
13.2.4 Problem formulation
13.2.4.1 Mathematic formulation
13.2.4.2 Upper layer model
13.2.4.3 Lower layer model
13.2.5 Solution approach
13.2.6 Simulation results
13.2.6.1 Parameter setting
13.2.6.2 Results analysis
13.2.7 Discussion
13.3 Risk-constrained two-stage coordinated operation of battery energy storage systems
13.3.1 Related works
13.3.2 Battery energy operational cost modeling
13.3.3 Problem formulation
13.3.3.1 First stage- day ahead dispatch model
13.3.3.2 Second stage-intra-day dispatch model
13.3.3.3 Risk management
13.3.4 Numerical results
13.3.4.1 Parameter setting
13.3.4.2 Results analysis
13.3.4.3 Risk analysis
13.3.5 Discussion
13.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
14 Harmonic distortion effect of large-scale hydropower storage based on doubly fed induction machine in power system
Chapter Outline
Nomenclature
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principle and history of pumped storage power plant
14.2.1 Historical of variable speed-pumped storage power plant
14.2.2 Principle of variable speed-pumped storage power plant
14.2.3 Variable speed-pumped storage power plant types
14.2.3.1 Conventional variable speed-pumped storage power plant
14.2.3.2 State-of-the-art variable speed-pumped storage power plant
14.3 Modeling and control of variable speed-pumped storage power plant
14.3.1 Modeling of doubly fed induction machine-based pumped storage power plant
14.3.1.1 Hydraulic System
14.3.1.2 Doubly fed induction machine and machine side converter
14.3.1.3 Transformer side converter
14.3.2 Control of doubly fed induction machine-based pumped storage power plant
14.3.2.1 Turbine
14.3.2.2 Machine side converter
14.3.2.3 Transformer side converter
14.4 Simulation results
14.4.1 MATLAB/Simulink/Simpower
14.4.1.1 Case study
14.4.1.2 Simulation results
14.4.2 DIgSILENT power factory
14.4.2.1 Case study
14.4.2.2 Simulation results
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Advanced energy storage system in smart grids: power quality and reliability
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
15.1 Introduction
15.2 A brief overview of basic energy storage system technologies
15.2.1 Electrochemical energy storage system technologies
15.2.1.1 Batteries
15.2.1.2 Hydrogen energy storage systems
15.2.2 Magnetic energy storage system technologies
15.2.3 Thermal energy storage system technologies
15.2.4 Mechanical energy storage system technologies
15.2.4.1 Pumped hydroenergy storage system
15.2.4.2 Compressed air energy storage system
15.2.4.3 Flywheels
15.2.5 Electrical energy storage system technologies
15.2.6 Energy storage technologies comparison
15.2.6.1 Energy rating
15.2.6.2 Power rating
15.2.6.3 Energy and power density
15.2.6.4 Response time
15.2.6.5 Lifetime
15.2.6.6 Capital and operating costs
15.3 Review of emerging advanced structure of energy storage system technologies in a smart grid environment
15.3.1 Hybrid energy storage systems
15.3.2 New emerging energy storage system schemes
15.4 Power quality and reliability indices
15.4.1 Power quality-based index
15.4.2 Reliability-based index
15.5 Impact of energy storage system technologies on smart grid power quality and reliability indices
15.5.1 Technical viewpoint in power quality
15.5.2 Technical viewpoint in reliability
15.5.3 Economic viewpoint
15.6 Conclusions and future trends
References
16 The battery storage management and its control strategies for power system with photovoltaic generation
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Characteristics analysis of power system with high penetration of photovoltaic generation
16.3 Classification of energy storage devices and their regulation ability
16.3.1 Physical energy storage
16.3.1.1 Pumped storage
16.3.1.2 Compressed air energy storage
16.3.1.3 Flywheel energy storage
16.3.2 Electrochemical energy storage
16.3.3 Electromagnetic energy storage
16.3.3.1 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
16.3.3.2 Supercapacitor
16.4 Battery storage management and its control strategies for power systems with large-scale photovoltaic generation
16.4.1 Grid-connected configuration of energy storage in photovoltaic/energy storage system
16.4.2 Capacity configuration of energy storage system
16.4.3 Control strategies of energy storage to frequency/voltage regulation of power system with photovoltaic generation
16.4.3.1 Grid-connected control strategy of power conversion system
16.4.3.2 Control strategy of energy storage for system frequency regulation
16.4.3.3 Control strategy of energy storage for system voltage regulation
16.4.4 Demonstration projects of energy storage system and photovoltaic generation
16.5 Current compensation of solar cell–supercapacitor devices series array to improve photovoltaic generation efficiency u...
16.5.1 Equivalent circuit of solar cell–supercapacitor devices unit and operating mode of its supercapacitor
16.5.1.1 Physical structure and equivalent circuit of solar cell–supercapacitor devices
16.5.1.2 Equivalent circuit of supercapacitor
16.5.2 Characteristics analysis of output power of solar cell–supercapacitor devices series array under partial shading
16.5.3 Current compensation method of solar cell–supercapacitor devices series array under partial shading
16.5.3.1 Discharge compensation of supercapacitor for solar cell–supercapacitor devices unit without or with shading shielding
16.5.3.2 Discharge compensation of supercapacitor for solar cell–supercapacitor devices unit with shadow shielding
16.5.3.3 Coordinated compensation of supercapacitors for solar cell–supercapacitor devices units
16.5.4 Current compensation implementation of solar cell–supercapacitor devices series array
16.5.5 Case study
16.5.5.1 Parameter setting
16.5.5.2 Analysis of simulation and laboratory test
16.6 Conclusions
Acknowledge
References
17 Solar power smoothing using battery energy storage system through fuzzy filtration technique
Chapter Outline
Nomenclature
Highlights
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Applications of energy storage systems
17.1.1.1 Power smoothing
17.1.1.2 Peak shaving
17.1.1.3 Load leveling
17.1.1.4 Microgrid operation
17.1.1.5 Power quality
17.1.1.6 Black start
17.1.1.7 Energy arbitrage
17.1.1.8 Energy storage-based smoothing architectures
17.2 Related work
17.2.1 Filter-based smoothing topologies
17.2.2 Ramp rate control
17.3 Motivation behind using fuzzy logic control combined varying low pass filter for solar power smoothing
17.4 Proposed methodology
17.4.1 Varying low pass filter
17.4.2 Fuzzy logic controller design
17.4.2.1 Fuzzification
17.4.2.2 Fuzzy rules
17.4.2.3 Fuzzy inference system
17.4.2.4 Defuzzification
17.5 Simulation and discussion
17.5.1 Limitations of using low pass filter and moving average smoothing
17.5.2 Evaluation of the proposed smoothing controller against the conventional low pass filter smoothing considering norma...
17.5.3 Evaluation of the proposed smoothing controller against the conventional low pass filter smoothing considering inter...
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Multilevel converter-based STATCOM with hybrid storage system
Chapter Outline
Nomenclature
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Proposed configuration
18.3 System for study
18.4 Control of the topology
18.4.1 Active power support
18.4.2 Voltage regulation
18.4.3 Negative sequence current compensation
18.4.4 Ride through capability
18.5 Operation of hybrid storage system
18.5.1 Extraction of frequency components
18.5.2 Control of supercapacitor fed DC converter
18.5.3 Control of battery module fed DC converter
18.6 Discussion on simulation results
18.7 Conclusions
Appendix
References
19 Hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage for enhanced voltage stability in DC microgrids using autonomous control st...
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Energy storage systems
19.1.2 Hybrid energy storage systems
19.2 Literature review
19.2.1 Types of integration topology for hybrid energy storage system
19.2.1.1 Passive topology of hybrid energy storage system
19.2.1.2 Semi-active topology of hybrid energy storage system
19.2.1.3 Fully active topology of hybrid energy storage system
19.2.2 Voltage regulation
19.3 Proposed control of hybrid energy storage system
19.3.1 Conventional low pass filter controller
19.3.2 Proposed controller strategy
19.4 Modeling of microgrid components
19.4.1 Battery energy storage system
19.4.2 Supercapacitor energy storage system
19.4.3 Solar photovoltaics generation system
19.4.4 Bi-directional converter
19.5 Results and discussion
19.5.1 Renewable power smoothing
19.5.1.1 Step decrease in generation
19.5.1.2 Step increase in generation
19.5.2 Load smoothing
19.5.2.1 Step decrease in load demand
19.5.2.2 Step increase in load demand
19.6 Conclusion
References
20 Supervisory control strategy for a customized solar photovoltaic-based microgrid with a battery storage system: an exper...
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The motivation behind the design of the proposed strategy
20.3 Architecture and working of the proposed supervisory control technique
20.3.1 The architecture of the system and control technique
20.3.2 Working on the proposed controller
20.4 Numerical analysis of the proposed rule-based control algorithm
20.4.1 Switching techniques
20.5 Simulation results
20.6 Experimental validation of the closed-loop microgrid system
20.6.1 Proposed controller
20.6.2 Battery storage
20.6.3 Residential loads
20.6.4 Solar photovoltaic-based system
20.6.5 Experimental setup
20.6.6 Experimental results of controller
20.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
21 Electrochemical energy storage part II: hybrid and future systems
Chapter Outline
Highlights
Nomenclature
21.1 General introduction
21.2 Hybrid electrochemical systems
21.2.1 Metal-air batteries
21.2.2 Hybrid ultracapacitors
21.3 Future electrochemical energy storage
21.3.1 Multi-ion batteries
21.3.1.1 Mono-cation/mono-anion batteries
21.3.1.1.1 Dual cation
21.3.1.1.2 Triple-ion battery
21.3.1.2 Anion shuttle batteries
21.3.1.3 Sodium-seawater batteries
21.3.1.4 Solid-state and metal batteries
21.3.1.5 Lithium-sulfur batteries
21.3.1.6 Metal-ion-based aqueous energy storage systems
21.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
22 Electric vehicles: a step toward sustainability
Chapter Outline
Novelty
Highlights
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Technologies for electric vehicles
22.3 Emerging electric motor technologies
22.4 Battery electric vehicles
22.5 Hybrid electric vehicles
22.5.1 Full hybrid electric vehicles
22.5.2 Mild hybrid electric vehicles
22.5.3 Micro hybrid electric vehicles
22.5.4 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
22.6 Nanotechnology for a hybrid electric vehicle
22.7 Hybrid energy storage system for e-vehicles
22.8 Simulation and experimental results of Hybrid energy storage system for light electric vehicle
22.9 Case studies on hybrid energy storage system
22.10 Opportunities
22.11 Summary and outlook
References
Appendix 1
Index
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