Emerging Technologies and Biological Systems for Biogas Upgrading

Title-page_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-Systems-for-Biogas-Upgr
Emerging Technologies and Biological Systems for Biogas Upgrading
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Copyright
Contents_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-Systems-for-Biogas-Upgrad
Contents
List-of-contribut_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-Systems-for-Biog
List of contributors
Foreword_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-Systems-for-Biogas-Upgrad
Foreword
Preface_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-Systems-for-Biogas-Upgradi
Preface
Chapter-1---Status-of-biogas-production_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biolo
1 Status of biogas production and biogas upgrading: A global scenario
1.1 Introduction
1.2 State-of-the-art of biogas production and upgradation
1.3 Recent trends in biogas utilization: A global prospective
1.4 Anaerobic digestion
1.4.1 Mechanism of anaerobic digestion
1.4.1.1 Hydrolysis and acidogenesis
1.4.1.2 Acetogenesis
1.4.1.3 Methanogenesis
1.4.2 Factors affecting biogas production
1.4.2.1 Hydrolysis
1.4.2.2 pH
1.4.2.3 Temperature
1.4.2.4 Substrate load
1.4.2.5 C/N ratio
1.4.2.6 Hydraulic retention time
1.5 Biohythane
1.6 Electrochemically induced biogas upgradation
1.6.1 Conductive materials in biogas upgradation
1.7 Challenges and way forward
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-2---Chemical-absorption-amine-abs_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Bio
2 Chemical absorption—amine absorption/stripping technology for biogas upgrading
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Process fundamentals
2.2.1 Amine chemistry
2.2.2 Amine selection
2.2.3 Process description and technology
2.2.3.1 General process
2.2.3.2 Absorption and desorption columns
2.2.4 Energy consumption
2.2.5 Operational problems and emissions
2.2.5.1 Amine losses
2.2.5.2 Degradation of absorbent
2.2.5.3 Methane losses
2.2.5.4 Foaming
2.2.6 Economic considerations
2.3 Research and development directions
2.3.1 Novel liquid absorbents
2.3.2 Water-lean solvents/nonaqueous amine solvents
2.3.3 Amine-functionalized solid sorbents
2.3.4 Process optimization
2.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Further reading
Chapter-3---Water-scrubbing-for-biogas-_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biolo
3 Water scrubbing for biogas upgrading: developments and innovations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Absorption methodologies
3.2.1 Absorption in water (water scrubbing)
3.2.2 Absorption in NaOH solutions (alkaline scrubbing)
3.2.3 Absorption in K2CO3 solutions (hot potassium carbonate)
3.3 Absorption configurations
3.3.1 Packed column reactors
3.3.2 Hollow fiber membrane contactors
3.4 Chemical promoters in water absorption
3.5 Energy consumption
3.6 Methane slip and efficiency
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter-4---Factors-affecting-CO2-and-CH4-se_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-
4 Factors affecting CO2 and CH4 separation during biogas upgrading in a water scrubbing process
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Approaches for CO2 removal from biogas
4.3 Water scrubbing technology
4.4 Water as a solvent for gases
4.5 Solubility of biogas components in water
4.6 Factors affecting biogas upgrading in water scrubbing process
4.6.1 Effects of operating parameters on CO2 removal in water scrubber
4.6.1.1 Pressure
4.6.1.2 Temperature
4.6.1.3 Water flow rate
4.6.1.4 Gas flow rate
4.6.2 Effect of packed-bed design parameters
4.6.2.1 Packing
4.6.2.2 Diameter
4.6.2.3 Height
4.7 Scrubbing column internals
4.7.1 Packing support and gas distributor
4.7.2 Liquid distribution and redistribution
4.7.3 Demister or entrainment eliminator or mist eliminator
4.8 Major challenges and future directions
4.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-5---Recent-developments-in-press_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biol
5 Recent developments in pressure swing adsorption for biomethane production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of swing adsorption technologies
5.2.1 Temperature swing adsorption
5.2.2 Electric swing adsorption
5.2.3 Vacuum swing adsorption
5.2.4 Pressure swing adsorption
5.3 Parameters influencing pressure swing adsorption
5.3.1 Process performance indicators
5.3.2 Design parameters
5.3.2.1 Pressure range
5.3.2.2 Pressure equalization
5.3.2.3 Time cycle
Pressurization time
Adsorption time
Blowdown time
Purge time
5.3.2.4 Pressure swing adsorption sizing
5.3.2.5 Pressure
5.3.2.6 Purge-to-feed ratio
5.3.2.7 Flow rate
5.3.2.8 Column length
5.3.3 Adsorbents
5.3.3.1 Carbon-based adsorbents
Activated carbons
Carbon molecular sieves
5.3.3.2 Zeolites
5.3.3.3 Porous crystals
5.4 Adsorption isotherm
5.5 Adsorption kinetics
5.5.1 Molecular diffusion
5.5.2 Knudsen diffusivity
5.5.3 Poiseuille diffusion or viscous diffusion
5.6 Mathematical modeling
5.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter-6---Membrane-based-technology_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biologi
6 Membrane-based technology for methane separation from biogas
6.1 Introduction: how the basic membrane processes for gas separation have evolved
6.2 Basic terms of gas separation on membranes
6.3 Membrane materials and structures
6.3.1 Polymer structures and their influence in permeation
6.3.2 Inorganic membranes for gas separation
6.3.3 Carbon molecular sieve membranes
6.3.4 Mixed-matrix membranes
6.3.5 Results of membrane operations with different materials
6.4 Theory of transport in gas separation on membranes
6.4.1 Transport through rubbery polymers
6.4.2 Transport equations through glassy polymers
6.5 Membrane configurations and plant design for upgrading biogas
6.6 Recent developments in membrane-based CO2/CH4 separation
6.6.1 Biogas upgrading by cryogenic and hybrid cryogenic-membrane separation
6.6.2 Biogas upgrading by absorption and hybrid absorption-membrane
6.6.3 Microbial conversion of CO2 to CH4 on a membrane diffuser
6.7 Summary and outlook
6.8 Future developments
References
Chapter-7---Cryogenic-techniques--an-i_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biolog
7 Cryogenic techniques: an innovative approach for biogas upgrading
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cryogenic biogas upgrading
7.2.1 Cryogenic distillation
7.2.2 Cryogenic packed-bed technology
7.3 Cryogenic hybrid systems
7.3.1 Cryogenic-absorption combination process
7.3.2 Cryogenic-adsorption synergized process
7.3.3 Potential combination of cryogenic and membrane processes
7.3.4 Cryogenic-hydrate processes
7.4 Cryogenic-membrane processes
7.5 Full-scale experiences and technoeconomic studies
7.6 Comparison of documented technologies
7.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Appendix I: Conversion factor for unit transformations
Appendix II: State forms for CO2 and CH4 as a function of temperature and pressure
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-8---Power-to-gas-fo_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-System
8 Power-to-gas for methanation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electrocatalytic methanation
8.2.1 Alkaline electrolyzers
8.2.1.1 Definition and concept
8.2.1.2 Reactor configurations
8.2.1.3 Recent developments
8.2.2 Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers
8.2.2.1 Design and concept
8.2.2.2 Reactor configurations
8.2.2.3 Recent developments
8.2.3 Solid oxide electrolyzers
8.2.3.1 Design and concept
8.2.3.2 Reactor configurations
8.2.3.3 Recent developments
8.2.4 Fixed-bed methanation reactors
8.2.4.1 Design and concept
8.2.4.2 Reactor configurations
8.2.4.3 Recent developments
8.2.5 Fluidized bed methanation reactors
8.2.5.1 Design and concept
8.2.5.2 Reactor configurations
8.2.5.3 Recent developments
8.2.6 Three-phase reactor
8.2.6.1 Design and concept
8.2.6.2 Reactor configurations
8.2.7 Micro(channel) reactors
8.3 Bioelectrochemical methanation
8.3.1 Direct electron transfer
8.3.2 Biocathodes
8.3.3 Reactor configurations
8.4 Challenges and future prospects
References
Chapter-9---Electrochemical-appro_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-
9 Electrochemical approach for biogas upgrading
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Faradaic and energy efficiency
9.3 Electroreduction of CO2
9.3.1 Basic considerations
9.3.1.1 Solid-oxide devices
9.3.1.2 Liquid electrolyte devices
9.3.2 Reactor and process design
9.4 Electrochemical oxidation of H2S
9.4.1 Basic considerations
9.4.2 Reactor and process design
9.5 Biogas upgrading approach and its challenges
9.5.1 CO2 electroreduction
9.5.2 H2S oxidation
9.5.3 Biogas and scale-up approaches
9.6 Concluding remarks and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-10---Siloxanes-removal-from-bi_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biolog
10 Siloxanes removal from biogas and emerging biological techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methods for reducing the content of volatile organic silicon compounds in biogas
10.2.1 Pretreatment methods
10.2.2 Refrigeration and freezing methods
10.2.3 Adsorption methods
10.2.3.1 Adsorption into activated carbon
Adsorption capacity of activated carbon
Mutual displacement of volatile methylsiloxanes from activated carbon
Preparation of biogas for adsorption into activated carbon
Possibilities of activated carbon regeneration
10.2.3.2 Adsorption into silica gel
Adsorption capacity and regeneration of silica gel
10.2.3.3 Adsorption into zeolites
Adsorption capacity and regeneration of zeolites
10.2.3.4 Adsorption into alumina
Adsorption capacity and regeneration of activated Al2O3
10.2.3.5 Adsorption into polymer adsorbents
Adsorption capacity and regeneration of some novel polymer adsorbents
10.2.4 Absorption methods
10.2.5 Membrane techniques
10.2.6 Biological methods
10.3 Combined methods for volatile organic silicon compounds removal from biogas
10.4 Comparison of the methods for reducing the content of volatile organic silicon compounds in biogas
10.5 Conclusions and future perspective
References
Chapter-11---Technologies-for-removal-_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biolog
11 Technologies for removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Technologies for removal of biogas contaminants
11.3 Physicochemical removal technologies
11.3.1 Absorption process
11.3.1.1 Water scrubbing
11.3.1.2 Physical absorption by using organic solvents
11.3.2 Adsorption process
11.3.2.1 Adsorption
11.3.2.2 Adsorption onto activated carbon
11.3.2.3 Adsorption on metal oxides
11.3.2.4 Pressure swing adsorption system
11.3.3 Membrane separation
11.3.3.1 Separation types
11.3.3.2 Membrane types
11.4 Ex situ removal using sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms
11.4.1 Biological air filtration
11.4.1.1 Anoxic biological air filters
11.4.1.2 Aerobic biological air filters
11.4.1.3 Commercial applications of biological air filtration systems
11.4.2 Microalgal removal of H2S
11.5 In situ H2S removal
11.5.1 In situ microaeration
11.5.2 Dosing iron salts/oxides into the digester
11.6 Combined chemical-biological processes
11.7 Comparison of H2S removal techniques
11.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter-12---Biological-upgrading-of-b_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biolog
12 Biological upgrading of biogas through CO2 conversion to CH4
12.1 Biogas upgrading
12.2 Hydrogen generation and utilization
12.3 Methanation
12.4 Microbial basis for biomethanation
12.4.1 Methanogens
12.4.2 Processes in anaerobic digestion
12.5 Reactor configurations
12.5.1 In situ biomethanation
12.5.2 Ex situ biomethanation
12.6 Factors controlling biomethanation
12.6.1 Mass transfer of H2
12.6.1.1 H2 partial pressure in gas phase
12.6.1.2 Interfacial area
12.6.1.3 Methanogenic activity
12.6.2 Temperature
12.6.3 Growth requirements
12.6.4 pH and CO2
12.6.5 Bacterial interaction and competition
12.7 Reactor design for biological methanation
12.7.1 Continuous stirred tank reactor
12.7.2 Trickle-bed reactors
12.8 Future perspectives and applications
12.9 Conclusions
Abbreviations list
References
Chapter-13---Bioelectrochemical-systems-_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biol
13 Bioelectrochemical systems for biogas upgrading and biomethane production
13.1 Background
13.2 Fundamentals of bioelectrochemical biogas upgrading
13.3 Methane enrichment of biogas
13.3.1 Electron transfer mechanism
13.3.2 Microbial communities in biocathode for methane enrichment
13.3.3 State-of-the-art bioelectrochemical biogas upgrading
13.4 Economical insights
13.5 Prospective and challenges
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-14---Photosynthetic-biogas-upgradin_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-B
14 Photosynthetic biogas upgrading: an attractive biological technology for biogas upgrading
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Positive attributes of photosynthetic “microalgae” toward biogas upgradation
14.3 CO2 and H2S removal through photosynthetic-bacterial associated biogas upgradation
14.4 Microalgae-based biogas upgrading and concomitant wastewater treatment
14.5 Photobioreactor designs for biogas upgradation
14.6 Impact of different process variables in biogas upgradation
14.6.1 Light intensity
14.6.2 Media pH
14.6.3 Temperature
14.6.4 Biogas composition
14.6.5 Gas flow rate
14.7 The future prospects
14.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter-15---Biogas-upgrading-and-life-cycl_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-B
15 Biogas upgrading and life cycle assessment of different biogas upgrading technologies
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biomethanation
15.2.1 Cleaning of biogas
15.2.1.1 Removal of water
15.2.1.2 Removal of H2S
15.2.1.3 Removal of other impurities
15.2.2 Upgrading of biogas into biomethane
15.2.2.1 Absorption
15.2.2.2 Adsorption
15.2.2.3 Membrane separation
15.2.2.4 Cryogenic separation
15.3 Brief overview of life cycle assessment
15.4 Life cycle assessment of biogas upgrading technologies
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Chapter-16---The-role-of-techno-economic-implica_2021_Emerging-Technologies-
16 The role of techno-economic implications and governmental policies in accelerating the promotion of biomethane technologies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Role of techno-economic studies in anaerobic digestion
16.2.1 Feedstocks
16.2.2 Gas purification technology
16.2.3 Biogas utilization
16.2.4 Subsidies
16.3 Successful policies in anaerobic digestion implementation
16.3.1 Policies and regulations
16.3.2 Renewable energy-related policies and regulations
16.3.2.1 Renewable energy generation targets
16.3.2.2 Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets
16.3.2.3 Rural development
16.3.3 Agriculture policies and regulations
16.3.4 Waste management policies
16.3.5 Incentives
16.3.5.1 Feed-in tariff (FIT)
16.3.5.2 Credits for carbon reduction and carbon trading
16.3.5.3 Tax exemptions and tax credits
16.3.5.4 Credits for renewable energy and renewable transportation fuel
16.3.5.5 Credits for nutrient load reduction
16.3.5.6 Renewable heat incentive
16.3.6 Policy instruments introduced in various countries as a support to AD industry growth
16.3.6.1 Germany
16.3.6.2 The United States
16.3.6.3 The United Kingdom
16.3.6.4 Italy
16.3.6.5 Sweden
16.3.6.6 China
16.3.6.7 India
16.3.6.8 Others
16.4 Decision-support system for biomethane implantation with techno-economic analysis and policies
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter-17---Large-scale-biogas-upgrading-_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Bi
17 Large-scale biogas upgrading plants: future prospective and technical challenges
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biogas composition and feedstock types
17.3 Biogas upgrading for natural gas grid injection and transport fuel
17.4 State-of-the-art of large-scale biogas upgrading technologies
17.4.1 Physicochemical upgrading technologies
17.4.2 Power-to-gas technology for methanation
17.4.2.1 Catalytic/thermochemical methanation
ETOGAS and Audi e-gas technology
Haldor Topsøe
Methane gas storage of renewable energy
17.4.2.2 Chemoautotrophic (biological) methanation
Electrochaea
MicrobEnergy
17.4.3 Bioelectrochemical system (Cambrian Innovation)
17.4.4 Photosynthetic biogas upgrading system
17.5 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Index_2021_Emerging-Technologies-and-Biological-Systems-for-Biogas-Upgrading
Index