This work introduces the important emerging space powers of the world. Brian Harvey describes the origins of the Japanese space program, from rocket designs based on WW II German U-boats to tiny solid fuel 'pencil' rockets, which led to the launch of the first Japanese satellite in 1970. The next two chapters relate how Japan expanded its space program, developing small satellites into astronomical observatories and sending missions to the Moon, Mars, comet Halley, and asteroids. Chapter 4 describes how India's Vikram Sarabhai developed a sounding rocket program in the 1960s. The following chapter describes the expansion of the Indian space program. Chapter 6 relates how the Indian space program is looking ahead to the success of the moon probe Chandrayan, due to launch in 2008, and its first manned launching in 2014. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 demonstrate how, in Iran, communications and remote sensing drive space technology. Chapter 10 outlines Brazil's road to space, begun in the mid-1960's with the launch of the Sonda sounding rockets. The following two chapters describe Brazil's satellites and space launch systems and plans for the future. Chapters 13 and 14 study Israel's space industry. The next chapters look at the burgeoning space programs of North and South Korea. The book ends by contrasting and comparing all the space programs and speculating how they may evolve in the future. An appendix lists all launches and launch attempts to date of the emerging space powers.
Author(s): Brian Harvey, Henk H. F. Smid, Theo Pirard
Series: Springer Praxis Books Space Exploration
Edition: 1st Edition.
Publisher: Praxis
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 655
Cover......Page 1
Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration......Page 2
Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America......Page 3
ISBN 9781441908735......Page 4
Table of Contents
......Page 6
Authors' introduction......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Note on terminology......Page 18
Illustrations
......Page 20
Tables
......Page 30
1 Japan: Origins - the legacy of Hideo Itokawa......Page 32
Introducing Hideo Itokawa......Page 33
Aeronautical engineer......Page 34
First rockets......Page 38
Sounding rockets......Page 40
Uchinoura launch site......Page 42
Reaching Earth orbit......Page 45
Introducing the Mu-4S......Page 47
Discovering a new radiation belt......Page 49
New versions: the Mu-3C, H......Page 50
Formation of NASDA......Page 52
NASDA's rocket, the N-I and its first missions......Page 55
Communications satellites: YURI, SAKURA, JCSat, Nstar, Superbird......Page 57
Introducing the N-II......Page 59
Watching Earth's weather......Page 60
H-rocket: introducing liquid hydrogen......Page 62
Sounding rockets......Page 64
The early Japanese space program......Page 65
New Mu-5 versions: the Mu-3H and Mu-3S......Page 68
Probes to comet Halley......Page 69
Mu-3SII scientific missions......Page 71
Solar studies: Yohkoh and Hinode......Page 73
Third to reach the Moon: Muses A......Page 76
Express: from Pacific seacoast to the jungles of Africa......Page 78
Muses B: introducing the new Mu-5 launcher......Page 81
Nozomi to Mars......Page 85
Rendezvous with an asteroid: Hayabusa......Page 88
Back to the Moon: Kaguya......Page 93
H-II rocket: "most advanced of its kind"......Page 99
Shooting star......Page 101
H-II brings in era of ill-luck and uncertainty......Page 103
Augmented: H-IIA......Page 105
H-IIA loss: back to the drawing board......Page 109
Earth and marine observations: Momo......Page 111
JERS Fuyo: introduction of space-borne radar......Page 113
ADEOS/Midori: atmosphere observer.......Page 114
ALOS: day and night, cloud-free......Page 117
Tropical rainfall......Page 119
Engineering satellites......Page 121
ETS VIII: a giant, hovering insect......Page 122
Winged bird: COMETS/Kakeh ashi......Page 123
Beams across space: Kirari and Kizuna......Page 125
Spy satellites: threat across the Sea of Japan......Page 127
Conclusions: science and applications......Page 130
Japan's first astronaut......Page 132
Instead, a mission to Mir......Page 134
Fuwatto's success......Page 137
International Microgravity Laboratory 1, 2: newts, fish, cells......Page 139
Space Flier Unit......Page 140
Preparing for the International Space Station......Page 142
Japan and the International Space Station......Page 143
The elements......Page 146
Supplying Kibo......Page 147
Keeping in contact: data relays......Page 148
Astronauts for Kibo......Page 149
Arriving at the Space Station......Page 151
Japanese spaceplanes: origin......Page 154
Development and tests......Page 155
Reviewed and revised......Page 159
How the Japanese space program is organized......Page 161
Main facilities......Page 162
Tanegashima range: launch site by the ocean......Page 163
Uchinoura launch center......Page 164
Tsukuba and Sagamihara space centers......Page 166
Tracking facilities......Page 168
Key companies......Page 169
Japanese space budget and ambitions......Page 170
Conclusions......Page 171
4 India: The vision of Vikram Sarabhai......Page 172
Father of Indian astronautics, Dr Vikram Sarabhai......Page 173
Sputnik and the IGY......Page 174
First rocket launch, 1963......Page 176
Space program for education......Page 179
Space program for remote sensing: the "high road"......Page 182
Sudden end......Page 184
ATS: village television......Page 186
The idea of an Indian Earth satellite......Page 189
Preparations for first satellite, Aryabhata......Page 190
Bhaskhara......Page 192
An indigenous Indian rocket......Page 195
Planning the first home-launched satellite......Page 197
First launches: India - a spacefaring nation......Page 198
Conclusions......Page 202
Introducing IRS......Page 204
Second-generation IRS......Page 206
Indian remote sensing: a balance sheet......Page 209
INSAT: India's communications and weather system......Page 214
INSAT precursor: APPLE......Page 216
First INSAT 1: a system established......Page 219
INSAT 2: made at home......Page 221
Reaching the villages......Page 225
Promise of INSAT 3......Page 226
New launchers: ASLV......Page 229
PSLV: into the big launcher league......Page 233
Introducing IRS-Polar......Page 236
IRS-1D in trouble - but saved......Page 238
Expanding the Earth observation program......Page 239
Conclusion: the program matures......Page 244
Chandrayan: to the Moon......Page 246
Gramsat to the villages: the GSLV......Page 250
GSLV flies......Page 256
India's own upper stage......Page 260
First Indian in space......Page 263
Shuttle astronauts who never flew: Bhat and Radhakrishnan......Page 266
Shuttle astronauts who flew: Chawla and Williams......Page 267
Indian manned flight......Page 269
Organization......Page 271
Sandbar launch site: Sriharikota......Page 276
Spreading the benefits to industry......Page 280
India's space budget......Page 283
Conclusions: India......Page 284
International context......Page 286
Space applications as drivers: communications......Page 287
Observation of the Earth......Page 289
Space applications organized......Page 295
Aerospace Research Institute (ARI)......Page 299
Education as a foundation for mastering space......Page 301
International experience to support national policy......Page 302
Plans leading to hardware......Page 305
Space infrastructure......Page 308
References......Page 314
Launch systems......Page 316
Satellites......Page 327
Small Multi-Mission Satellite (SMMS)......Page 329
Mesbah......Page 331
Zohreh......Page 333
Omid......Page 334
Besharat......Page 336
Manned space......Page 337
A more powerful space launch vehicle......Page 338
Planning space goals......Page 339
References......Page 340
9 Brazil: Origins - the road to space......Page 342
The Brazilian Complete Space Mission - MECB......Page 346
The National Program of Space Activities......Page 347
Space science and technology......Page 350
Earth observation......Page 351
Meteorology......Page 353
Telecommunications......Page 354
Sounding rockets and space launch vehicles......Page 355
Infrastructure and ground support......Page 357
References......Page 365
SONDA family of sounding rockets......Page 366
VS family of sub-orbital rockets......Page 371
Veiculo Lancador de Satelites (VLS)......Page 377
Cruzeiro do SuI......Page 380
Space probes and satellites......Page 382
Science......Page 383
Communications......Page 390
Earth observation......Page 394
References......Page 399
11 Brazil: Plans - the ultimate goal......Page 402
Space access......Page 404
Application satellites......Page 407
Multi Mission Platform (PMM) satellite programs......Page 410
References......Page 414
Israel, a small but an efficient actor in space......Page 416
Let's go into space for intelligence and security!......Page 418
Professor Yuval Ne'eman, pioneering "father" of the ISA......Page 419
Compact Ofeq satellites and small Shavit launchers as defense systems......Page 420
Towards miniaturized spacecraft for high-resolution imaging......Page 424
A space industry specialized in low-cost, low-mass spacecraft......Page 429
Strategic partnership with Department of Space and Antrix in India......Page 432
Technion in space with "made by students" TechSat......Page 435
Development of student nano-satellites for an international constellation......Page 436
Scientific cooperation with India (ISRO) and France (CNES)......Page 437
Global commercial ventures (1): AMOS by Spacecom......Page 439
Global commercial ventures (2): Imagesat International......Page 449
The tragic fate of the first Israeli astronaut, Colonel Ramon......Page 454
Space program at the top of the technology......Page 458
Military superiority and security as priorities for space missions......Page 461
Towards an Israeli-American constellation of SAR satellites?......Page 462
Cooperation of Israel with space programs of the European Union......Page 464
References......Page 465
Annexe 1: main players in Israel's space program......Page 467
Annexe 2: israeli space launchers......Page 468
References......Page 469
North Korea (DPRK), the most secret country in space: space bluff or military challenge?......Page 470
The origins of a hidden space program......Page 478
Analysis of the launcher and its maiden flight......Page 480
Modest, isolated Musudan-ri launch complex......Page 485
Missile flight test moratorium 2000-2005......Page 489
"Unsuccessful" first flight of Taepodong-2 in July 2006......Page 492
Further engine tests and new launch complex......Page 496
DPRK progress to improve (space) launch capability......Page 500
The art of launching "ghost satellites"......Page 512
References......Page 513
Annexe: north Korean launch vehicles......Page 515
References......Page 516
South Korea: recent entrant for new space systems and micro-electronics leadership......Page 518
First step (1989-1999): the KITsat/Uribyol microsatellites......Page 522
Second step (1999-2009): applications satellites and access to space......Page 531
Space systems for a key program of Earth observations......Page 534
National launch capabilities with sounding rockets......Page 540
Mugunghwa: commercial satellites for telecommunications and broadcasts......Page 544
Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and COMS-1 services......Page 547
Satellite launches with the Russo-Korean KSLV program......Page 548
The Naro Space Center: from hilly island to space......Page 558
The STsat-2 (Science & Technology satellite-2) series of microsatellites......Page 561
Manned spaceflight in 2008: odyssey of a young lady to the ISS......Page 563
The future (2009-2019): satellite launches and space exploration......Page 568
References......Page 571
Annexe......Page 572
Reference......Page 573
15 Contrasts and comparisons......Page 574
Development and fields of work compared......Page 576
Annexes......Page 578
Annexes 1: List of launches
......Page 579
Annexe 2: Space institutes in I
ran......Page 602
Annexe 3: Space institutes in Brazil......Page 623
Annexe 4: Space institutes in North Korea......Page 634
Annexe 5: United Nations treaties related to outer space......Page 635
Bibliography......Page 640
Index......Page 644
