Emerging Pollutant Treatment in Wastewater

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author Biography
Chapter 1: Introduction to Emerging Pollutants and Their Treatment Techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Origin of EPs
1.3 Classification of EPs
1.4 WHO Guidelines on EPs
1.5 Health Risks and Toxicity Associated with EPs
1.6 Environmental Hazard Associated with EPs
1.7 Need of Detection and Quantification of EPs
1.8 Need of Removing/Separation/Treatment of EPs
1.9 Fundamentals of Water Treatment
1.9.1 Suspended Solids and Oil Contaminations
1.9.2 Acids and Alkalis Treatment
1.9.3 Heavy Metals and Metal Complexes Toxicity
1.9.4 Adsorption
1.9.5 Membrane Technologies in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
1.10 Challenges in EPs Characterization
References
Chapter 2: Methods to Detect Emerging Pollutants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Existing Analytical Tools for EPs Detection and Their Theoretical Limitations
2.3 Instrumentation and Their Limitations for Detecting EPS
2.4 Advancements in APIs Detection and Quantification
2.5 Advancements in Heavy Metal Ion Detection and Quantification
2.6 New Protocols to Detect and Quantification of Organic Pollutants
2.7 Detection and Quantification of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
2.8 Detection and Quantification of Pathogens and Other Micropollutants
2.9 Detection and Quantification of Microplastics
2.10 Summary on Detection and Quantification of EPs
References
Chapter 3: Limitations of Existing Treatment Techniques in Removing Emerging Pollutants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Properties of Different EPs and Their Influence on Analysis
3.3 Limitations of Existing Analytical Tool in Detecting EPs
3.4 Limitations of Existing Techniques in Removing EPs from a Contaminated Source
3.5 Physical and Chemical Nature of EPs
3.6 Physical Methods and Their Limitations in Removing EPs
3.6.1 Screening
3.6.2 Comminuting
3.6.3 Grit Removal
3.6.4 Skimming Tanks
3.6.5 Sedimentation or Clarifier Tank
3.6.6 Flotation
3.6.7 Parallel Plate Separator
3.7 Chemical Methods and Their Limitations in Removing EPs
3.7.1 Neutralization
3.7.2 Treatment of Toxic Materials
3.7.3 Coagulation and Flocculation
3.8 Biological Methods and Their Limitations in Removing EPs
3.8.1 The Activated Sludge System
3.8.2 Biological Film System or Trickling Filters
3.8.3 Advanced Activated Sludge and Trickling Treatment Process
3.8.4 Aerated Lagoon and Oxidation Pond
3.8.5 Anaerobic Digestions
3.9 Need of Advance Materials and Methods to Remove EPs
3.10 Water Treatment Technologies Status and Summary
References
Chapter 4: Membrane Processes for Removal of Emerging Pollutants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Membrane Separation Spectrum
4.2.1 Microfiltration
4.2.2 Ultrafiltration
4.2.3 Nanofiltration
4.2.4 Reverse Osmosis and Forward Osmosis
4.3 Size and Surface Characteristics of EPs
4.4 MF and UF for Removal of Micropollutants
4.4.1 Microfiltration (MF)
4.4.2 Ultrafiltration (UF)
4.5 NF and RO for Treatment of EPs
4.5.1 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
4.6 Electrodialysis for Removal of Charged EPs
4.7 Forward Osmosis for Concentration and Removal of EPs
4.8 MD and Hybrid-MD Process for Removal of EPs
4.9 Hybrid-Membrane Processes for Removal of EPs
4.10 Limitations of Membrane-Based Separation Processes in Treating EPs
References
Chapter 5: Polymer/Resin-Based Techniques for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Ion Exchange Resins
5.3 Use of Polymers and Resins in Removing EPs
5.3.1 Inorganic Ion-Exchange Systems
5.4 Polymer/Carbon-Based Adsorbents and Chelating Agents for Removing EPs
5.5 Polymer Complexes for the Removal of EPs
5.6 Polymer-Carbon Nanocomposites for the Removal of EPs
5.7 Resin-Based Fixed Beds for the Removal of EPs
5.8 Composite Resins and Their Limitation in Removing EPs
5.9 Recycling and Regeneration of Polymers and Resins
5.10 Limitations of Inorganic/Polymer Resins and Polymer Composites in Removing EPs
References
Chapter 6: Functional Materials-Based Microcleaners and Adsorbents
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Polymer-Based Functional Materials for Removal of EPs
6.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes in the Removal of EPs
6.4 Carbon-Based Functional Materials for Removal of EPs
6.5 2D Material-Based Functional Materials for Removal of EPs
6.6 MOFs, COFs and ZIFs in Removal of EPs
6.7 Gels and Aerogels in Removal of EPs
6.8 Liquid Membranes in Removal of EPs
6.9 Ion-Exchange Membrane Method for Removal of EPs
References
Chapter 7: Nanomaterial-Based Water Filters for Emerging Pollutants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Removal of EPs
7.2.1 Cellulose-Based Nanocomposites
7.2.2 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites
7.3 Protein-Based Functional Nanomaterials
7.4 Graphene and Other Carbaneous Nanomaterials for Removal of EPs
7.4.1 Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposites
7.4.2 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanocomposites
7.4.3 Activated Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
7.4.4 Hydro/Solvo/Iono-Thermal Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
7.5 Nanocleaners
7.6 Nanomaterial-Based Filters for Capturing EPs
7.7 Nano-Adsorbents for Removal of EPs
7.8 Fenton and Fenton-Type Catalysts for Degradation of EPs
7.9 Recovery and Reuse of Nanomaterial-Based Adsorbents
7.10 Limitations of Nanomaterials for EP Removal Applications
7.10.1 Atom Economy and Sustainability
7.10.2 Stability and Leaching of Nanomaterials
7.10.3 Regeneration and Durability
References
Chapter 8: Micro-Plastic Pollutants: Identification, Detection and Removal Techniques
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Definition and Threat of Microplastics
8.3 Microplastics in Marine and Ground Water
8.4 Microplastics in Wastewater
8.5 Microplastics in the Ecosystem
8.6 Microplastic Source Detection and Removal Strategies
8.7 Physical Detection and Removal of Microplastics
8.8 Bio-Based Microplastic Removal Strategies
8.9 Advances in Detection and Treatment of Microplastics
8.9.1 Density Separation with Subsequent C:H
8.9.2 Pyrolysis-GC/MS
8.9.3 Raman Spectroscopy
8.9.4 IR Spectroscopy
References
Chapter 9: Nanocleaners, Nano-Pollutants and Nanotoxicity
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dependency on Nanomaterials
9.3 Nanomaterial-Based Waste
9.4 Identification of Nano-Pollutants
9.5 Assessment of Nanomaterials as Potential EPs
9.6 Nanotoxicity
9.6.1 Respiratory System
9.6.2 Pulmonary System
9.6.3 Cardiovascular System
9.6.4 The Reticulo-Endothelial System
9.6.5 Central Nervous System
9.6.6 Dermatological Effects
9.6.7 Silver Toxicity
9.6.8 Toxicity of Carbon-Based Nanomaterial
9.6.9 Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles
9.6.10 Toxicity of Copper Nanoparticles
9.7 Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Nanomaterials
9.8 Prevention and Methods to Treat and Manage Nanomaterials
References
Chapter 10: Policy Efforts to Curb the Use of Microplastics and Remove Emerging Pollutants
10.1 Recognition of the Emerging Pollutant Threat
10.2 WHO Guidelines on Handling EPs in Different Sectors
10.3 International Treaties and Consensus on EPs
10.4 Need for Stringent Regulations
10.5 Summary and Future Prospects for EP Treatment Technologies
References
Index