Pandemics are often associated with viruses and bacteria occurring in wildlife in natural environments. Thus, diseases of epidemic and pandemic scale are mostly zoonotic, some of which include AIDS, Zika virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and COVID-19. The book seeks to explore the documented history of pandemics and various epidemics that have the potential of turning into pandemics with the warming climate, pollution, and environmental destruction.
The book covers some of the most essential elements of the diseases of pandemic nature and their relationship with the environment:
- Environment as a reservoir of human diseases
- Climate change: emerging driver of infectious diseases
- Occurrence and environmental dimensions of specific pandemics and epidemics
- Pandemics, environment, and globalisation: understanding the interlinkage in the context of COVID-19
- Climate change and zoonotic diseases: malaria, plague, dengue, encephalitis
- Tuberculosis: an old enemy of mankind and possible next pandemic
- Lassa fever in Nigeria: case fatality ratio, social consequences, and prevention
There are cases where scientists fear that many epidemics have the potential of turning into pandemics, if we do not pay attention to them, and measures are not being taken to control these occurrences. This book attempts to provide integrated risk assessment on pandemics like COVID-19. It covers fundamental factors of global disease outbreaks through the complexity and severity of consequences. The information collated in this book will help in the design of mitigation measures, including behavioral changes that could prevent the emergence of such pandemics, thus protecting human life and minimising losses incurred due to diseases of such magnitude.
Author(s): Sadaf Nazneen, Akebe Luther King Abia, Sughosh Madhav
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 180
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor Biographies
Contributors
Chapter 1 Occurrence and Environmental Dimensions of Specific Pandemics and Epidemics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Global Trend of Viral Disease Outbreaks
1.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
1.4 HIV/AIDS Epidemiology and Impacts in Africa
1.5 Relationship Between HIV/AIDS and the Environment
1.6 Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak and Re-emergence
1.7 Environmental Impact of Ebola Viral Disease
1.8 Influenza Virus Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza Outbreaks
1.9 Role of Environment in Influenza Virus Outbreaks
1.10 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
1.11 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
1.12 Environmental Factors That Influence SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks
1.13 Detection and Prevention of Future Pandemics
1.13.1 Continuous Surveillance
1.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Climate Change: Emerging Driver of Infectious Diseases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Climate Change Factors Enhancing Infectious Disease Rate
2.2.1 Anthropogenic Factors of Climate Change and Infectious Diseases
2.2.2 Demographic Factors of Climate Change and Infectious Diseases
2.2.3 The Impact of Technology on Climate Change and Infectious Diseases
2.3 Dynamics of Climate Change on Specific Infectious Diseases
2.3.1 Climate Change and COVID-19
2.3.2 Climate Change and the Hendra Virus
2.3.3 Climate Change and the Influenza Virus
2.3.4 Climate Change and Cholera
2.4 The Usefulness of the One Health Approach to Combat Climate Change-Dependent Pandemics
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Economic Outcomes of Emerging Pandemics and Their Implications for the Environment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Economic Implications for Economic Growth and Financial Flows
3.3 Economic Effect on Global Value Chains
3.4 Economic Effect on ICT Development and Its Implications for the Environment
3.5 Economic Effect on Tourism and Travel
3.6 Opportunity Cost of the Fight Against Climate Change
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Tuberculosis: An Old Enemy of Mankind and Possible Next Pandemic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Bug Responsible for TB
4.2.1 Transmission of TB and Its Progression Inside the Host
4.2.2 Therapeutics for TB
4.3 Air Pollution: an Alarming Situation for TB
4.3.1 Air Pollution: A Man-Made Disaster
4.3.2 Types of Pollutants
4.3.2.1 Particulate Matter
4.3.2.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
4.3.2.3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
4.3.2.4 Ozone
4.3.2.5 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
4.3.2.6 Other Air Pollutants
4.4 The Role of Air Pollutants in TB Infection
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Pandemics, Environment, and Globalisation: Understanding the Interlinkage in the Context of COVID-19
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Major Pandemics of the 19th, 20th, and 21st Centuries
5.2.1 The Flu Pandemic (1889–1890)
5.2.2 Spanish Flu (1918–1920)
5.2.3 The Asian Flu (1957–1958)
5.2.4 AIDS Pandemic and Epidemic (1981–Present)
5.2.5 SARS
5.2.6 Swine Flu
5.2.7 MERS
5.2.8 COVID-19
5.3 Main Reasons for the Spread of Infectious Diseases
5.3.1 Environment and Infectious Diseases
5.3.2 Globalisation and Pandemics in the Context of COVID-19
5.4 Lessons Learned from Past Pandemics and the Way Forward
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Climate Change and Zoonotic Diseases: Malaria, Plague, Dengue, and Encephalitis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Malaria: Impact of Climate Change
6.2.1 Global Scenario: Disease, Prevention, and Therapeutics
6.2.2 Climatic Factors: Linkages Between Environment and Malaria Transmission
6.2.3 Predictive Model: Forecast Future Climatic Influences on Malaria
6.2.4 Case Studies: Analysing Seasonal Variations and Malaria Transmission
6.2.5 Newer Modalities: Prediction Methods
6.3 Plague: Impact of Climate Change
6.3.1 Global Scenario: Disease, Prevention, and Therapeutics
6.3.2 Climatic Factors: Linkages Between Environment and Plague Transmission
6.3.3 Predictive Modelling: Forecast Future Climatic Influences on Plague
6.3.4 Case Studies: Analysing Seasonal Variations and Plague Transmission
6.3.5 Newer Modalities: Prediction Methods
6.4 Dengue
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Dengue Vector Ecology and Distribution
6.4.3 Impact of Climatic Factors on Dengue
6.4.4 Prevention and Treatment
6.5 Encephalitis
6.5.1 Background
6.5.2 Ecological Parameters and Climatic Factors Associated with Encephalitis Transmission
6.5.3 Vaccination and Therapeutic Approach to Encephalitis
6.6 Conclusion and Remarks
References
Chapter 7 Environmental Dimensions of Zika Virus Triggered Outbreak and Its Association with Neurological Complications Like Guillain–Barré Syndrome and Microcephaly
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Environmental Dimension of Zika Virus Disease Outbreaks
7.2.1 Structural Features of Zika Virus Proteins
7.2.2 Management, Prevention, and Control
7.2.3 Associations of Zika Virus with Neurological Complications
7.2.3.1 Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS)
7.2.3.2 Microcephaly
7.2.3.3 Inflammation of Schwann Cells by Zika Virus
7.3 Concluding Remarks
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Emerging Contaminants in the Environment and Their Linkage with COVID-19
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Emerging Contaminants
8.2.1 Pharmaceutical Industries
8.2.2 Personal Care Products
8.2.3 Pesticides
8.3 Treatment Methods for Emerging Contaminants
8.3.1 Adsorptive Membranes
8.3.1.1 Homogeneous Membranes
8.3.1.2 Mixed Matrix Membranes
8.3.1.3 Composite Membranes
8.3.2 Photocatalytic Membranes
8.3.3 Membrane Bioreactors
8.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted Membranes
8.3.5 Affinity Membranes
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Lassa Fever in Nigeria: Case Fatality Ratio, Social Consequences, and Prevention
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Origin and Epidemiology of Lassa Fever
9.2.1 Origin and Occurrence
9.2.2 Epidemiology of Lassa Fever
9.2.3 Signs and Symptoms of Lassa Fever
9.2.4 Mode of Transmission
9.2.5 Lassa Fever Vector
9.2.5.1 Mortality and Morbidity of Lassa Virus
9.2.6 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Lassa Fever
9.2.6.1 Clinical Course
9.2.6.2 Diagnosis
9.2.6.3 Treatment
9.2.6.4 Prevention
9.2.7 Nigerian Public Health Response to Lassa Fever
9.3 Dynamics and Occurrence of Lassa Fever
9.3.1 Climatic Effects and Climate-Linked Dynamics of Lassa Fever
9.3.2 Trends in Surveillance of Lassa Fever in Nigeria
9.4 Social Consequences of Lassa Fever
9.4.1 Stigma
9.4.1.1 Self-Stigma
9.4.1.2 Societal Stigma
9.4.2 Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL)
9.4.3 Knowledge of Lassa Fever and Its Symptoms
9.4.4 Coping Strategies for Lassa Fever
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Contribution of Anthropogenic Factors to the Global Advancement of Zika Virus
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical Overview
10.3 Spatial and Temporal Progression of Zika Virus
10.4 Possible Routes of Viral Transmission
10.5 Clinical Implications of the Disease
10.6 Diagnostics and ZIKV Infection
10.7 Factors Leading to the Emergence of Zika
10.7.1 Temperature
10.7.1.1 Optimal Temperatures for ZIKV Infection Spread
10.7.2 Rainfall
10.7.3 Socio-Economic Status
10.7.4 Evolution
10.7.5 Possibility of Spillback from Humans to Animals (Urban to Zoonotic Cycle) in Areas Outside Africa
10.7.6 Insufficient Knowledge of Host Reservoirs for ZIKV
10.7.7 Poor Characterisation of the Spectrum of Species Involved in the Transmission Cycle
10.7.8 Role of Vector Capacity in an Outbreak
10.7.9 Contribution of Vertical/Venereal Transmission
10.8 Proposed Control Methods for ZIKV-Mediated Disease
10.8.1 Use of Wolbachia-Incorporated Mosquitoes as an Effective Strategy
10.8.2 Model-Based Prediction of the Sylvatic Spread
10.8.3 Vaccines
10.8.4 Milk
10.8.5 Mathematical Models to Predict the Dynamics of ZIKV Spread and How It Can Affect the Future of an Epidemic
10.9 Conclusion
References
Index
