Rapid population growth, urbanisation and industrialisation have caused serious problems in terms of water pollution and the supply of safe water. Solutions for monitoring pollutants in water and for removing them are urgently needed and they must be both efficient and sustainable.
Recent advances in emerging environmental nanotechnologies provide promising solutions for these issues. The physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials can be tailored by controlling attributes such as their size, shape, composition, and surface, so that they can be both highly specific and highly efficient. This makes them perfect platforms for a variety of environmental applications including sensing, treatment and remediation.
Providing an array of cutting-edge nanotechnology research in water applications, including sensing, treatment, and remediation, as well as a discussion of progress in the rational design and engineering of nanomaterials for environmental applications, this book is a valuable reference for researchers working in applications for nanotechnology, environmental chemistry and environmental engineering as well as those working in the water treatment industry.
Author(s): Yanbiao Liu, Chong-Chen Wang, Wen Liu
Series: Chemistry in the Environment Series
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 558
City: London
Cover
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 Functionalized Metal Nanoclusters for Biosensing Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 MNC-based Optical Biosensors
1.2.1 Detection of Small Biomolecules
1.2.2 Detection of Proteins and Enzymes
1.2.3 Detection of Oligonucleotides
1.2.4 Detection of Diseases
1.2.5 Labeling and Imaging
1.2.6 Detection of Bacteria
1.3 MNC-based Electrochemical Biosensors
1.3.1 Detection of Small Biomolecules
1.3.2 Detection of Proteins and Enzymes
1.3.3 Detection of Oligonucleotides
1.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Label-free Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Water Pollutant Analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of SERS
2.3 Labeled and Label-free SERS
2.4 SERS Substrates
2.5 Label-free SERS Detection of Organic Micropollutants
2.5.1 Drugs
2.5.2 Pesticides
2.5.3 Explosives
2.5.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
2.6 Label-free SERS Detection of Biotoxins
2.7 Label-free SERS Detection of Waterborne Pathogens
2.7.1 Bacteria
2.7.2 Viruses
2.8 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3 Merging of MOFs and Graphene Analogous: Strategies for Enhanced Sensing Properties
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Preparation and Properties of MOF–GA Materials
3.2.1 Preparation of MOF–GA Composites
3.2.2 Preparation of MOF–GA Derivatives
3.2.3 Enhanced Properties of MOF–GA Materials
3.3 Sensing of Environmental Contaminants
3.3.1 Detecting Gaseous Contaminants
3.3.2 Detecting Organic Contaminants
3.3.3 Detecting Inorganic Ion Contaminants
3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Nano Meets Membrane: Toward Enhancing the Performance of Water Treatment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 NM-enhanced UF Performance
4.2.1 Binding NMs Upon Membrane Surfaces
4.2.2 Blending NMs with the Membrane Matrix
4.2.3 In Situ Generation of NMs
4.3 NM-assisted Dual-functional Membranes
4.3.1 Adsorptive Membranes
4.3.2 Catalytic Membranes
4.4 Marriage Between NMs and NF/RO Membranes
4.4.1 In NF Membranes
4.4.2 In RO Membranes
4.5 NM-supported Non-pressure-driven Membrane Processes
4.5.1 NM-supported Membrane Distillation (MD)
4.5.2 NM-supported Pervaporation (PV)
4.5.3 NM-supported Forward Osmosis (FO)
4.6 Summary
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 Tuning Iron Oxide-based Nanomaterials as Next Generation Adsorbents for Environmental Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis Methodologies
5.2.1 Synthesis Methods for Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
5.2.2 One-dimensional Iron Oxide Nanocomposites
5.2.3 Two-dimensional Iron Oxide Nanocomposites
5.2.4 Three-dimensional Iron Oxide Nanocomposites
5.3 Surface Modification
5.3.1 Organic Surface Coatings
5.3.2 Inorganic Coatings
5.4 Sorption of Metals/Metalloids
5.4.1 Arsenic
5.4.2 Chromium
5.4.3 Uranium
5.4.4 Rare Earth Elements
5.4.5 Removal of Multi-contaminants
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 Novel Nanoadsorbents for the Separation of Hazardous Pollutants from Water
6.1 Hazardous Pollutants in Water
6.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollutants
6.1.2 Nonmetallic Inorganic Pollutants
6.1.3 Organic Pollutants
6.2 Novel Nanoadsorbents for Water Pollutant Elimination
6.2.1 Selective Nanoadsorbents
6.2.2 Regenerable and Separable Nanoadsorbents
6.2.3 Nanoadsorbents Equipped with Indicators
6.2.4 Rare Earth Nanoadsorbents
6.2.5 Broad-spectrum Nanoadsorbents
6.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 Application of Titanate Nanotubes for Water Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis and Characterizations of TNTs
7.2.1 Synthesis of TNTs
7.2.2 Morphology, Crystal Phase and Composition of TNTs
7.3 Applications of TNTs for Heavy Metal Removal
7.3.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Waters Using TNTs and Modified TNTs
7.3.2 Photocatalytic Transformation of Heavy Metals Using TNTs and Modified TNTs
7.3.3 Reductive and Oxidative Immobilization of Heavy Metals Using Modified TNTs
7.4 Applications of TNTs for Organic Pollutant Removal
7.4.1 Adsorption of Organic Pollutants in Waters Using TNTs and Modified TNTs
7.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Waters using TNTs and Modified TNTs
7.4.3 Catalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Waters via Enhanced Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) Using TNTs and Modified TNTs
7.4.4 Co-removal of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants in Waters Using TNTs and Modified TNTs
7.5 Implications of TNTs in Aqueous Systems
7.6 Conclusions and Outlook
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8 Control of Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Formation by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Brief Introduction to DBPs
8.2.1 DBPs and Regulations
8.2.2 Current DBP Control Approaches and Their Limitations
8.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
8.3.1 H2O2, PMS, PDS and Their Activation
8.3.2 Direct Electron Transfer Processes for PMS and PDS Activation
8.3.3 UV–HOX Systems
8.4 The Application of AOPs or Related Oxidants to DBP Control
8.4.1 Removal of DBP Precursors—NOM
8.4.2 Removal of DBP Precursors—Halides
8.4.3 Removal of DBP Precursors—ECs
8.4.4 Direct Removal of DBPs
8.5 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9 Nanocatalyst-enabled Persulfate Activation for Water Decontamination and Purification
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanocatalysts
9.2.1 Metals and Metal Oxides
9.2.2 Titanium Dioxide
9.2.3 Molybdenum Disulfide
9.2.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
9.3 Prospects and Outlook
References
Chapter 10 Fenton-like Nanocatalysts for Water Purification
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Background
10.1.2 Scope of the Chapter
10.2 Chemistry of Fenton Reactions
10.2.1 Homogeneous Fenton Catalytic Processes
10.2.2 Heterogeneous Fenton Catalytic Processes
10.2.3 Influencing Parameters
10.3 Typical Heterogeneous Fenton-like Nanocatalysts
10.3.1 Metal Oxide Fenton-like Catalysts
10.3.2 Metal–Metal Oxide@Porous Carbon Hybrid Fenton-like Catalysts
10.3.3 Metal-free Fenton-like Catalysts
10.4 Design of Novel Fenton-like Nanocatalysts
10.4.1 Dual Reaction Center Fenton-like Catalytic Processes
10.4.2 Fenton-like Catalytic Processes Dominated by Singlet Oxygen
10.4.3 Single-atom Fenton-like Catalytic Processes
10.5 Hybrid Fenton Processes
10.5.1 Electro-Fenton Processes
10.5.2 Photo-Fenton Processes
10.5.3 Microwave-Fenton Processes
10.5.4 Cavitation-Fenton Process
10.5.5 Combination of Hybrid Fenton Processes
10.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 Functional Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Oxidation Processes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Carbocatalysts
11.2.1 Graphene
11.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
11.2.3 Nanodiamonds
11.2.4 Metal–Carbon hybrids
11.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes
11.3.1 Water Treatment Methods
11.3.2 Different Advanced Oxidation Processes
11.3.3 Reactive Oxygen Species
11.3.4 Pollutants
11.4 Applications of Carbocatalysts in Sulfate Radical-based AOPs
11.4.1 Graphene
11.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
11.4.3 Nanodiamonds
11.4.4 Metal–Carbon Composites
11.5 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 12 Zero Valent Iron-induced Fenton-like Oxidation Towards Water Treatment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Principle of ZVI-induced Fenton-like Oxidation
12.2.1 Rate-limiting Step of Classical Fenton Systems
12.2.2 Fenton-like Chemistry During ZVI Corrosion
12.3 ZVI-based Fenton-like Oxidation with Ex Situ
Peroxides
Peroxides
12.3.1 Coupling ZVI with Ex Situ Hydrogen Peroxide
12.3.2 Coupling ZVI with Ex Situ Persulfates
12.3.3 pH-dependent Reactivity
12.3.4 Simultaneously Removing Heavy Metals and Organic Contaminants
12.4 Reactive Oxygen Species
12.4.1 Hydroxyl Radicals
12.4.2 Sulfate Radicals
12.4.3 Ferryl Ion Species (Fe(IV))
12.5 Promoting the Application of ZVI Towards Industrial Wastewater Treatment
12.6 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 Photocatalysis for Water Treatment: From Nanoparticle to Single Atom, From Lab-scale to Industry-trial
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basic Processes and Mechanism for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants
13.3 Typical Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
13.3.1 TiO2
13.3.2 g-C3N4
13.3.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
13.3.4 Perovskite Photocatalytic Materials
13.3.5 Ag3PO4
13.3.6 Elemental Semiconductor Photocatalysts
13.4 Modulation of Crucial Surfaces and Interface Processes for Nano-photocatalysts
13.5 Emerging Single Atomic Photocatalytic Materials for Water Treatment
13.6 Industrial Application Cases of Photocatalytic Water Treatment
13.6.1 Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment Devices
13.7 Conclusion and Outlook
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14 The Potential Applications of MOF-based Materials in Wastewater Treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Detection of Pollutants in Water via Luminescent
Sensing
14.3 Adsorptive Removal of Pollutants in Water
14.4 Photocatalytic Pollutant Elimination
14.5 Fenton-like and Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes
14.6 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 Engineering Biochars for Environmental Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Definition of Biochar
15.3 Functionalization of Biochar Materials
15.3.1 Physical Modification
15.3.2 Chemical Modification
15.4 Environmental Applications of Biochar
15.4.1 Adsorption of Contaminants from Water
15.4.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes
15.5 Economic Analysis
15.6 Concluding Remarks and Prospects
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16 Nanobubble Technology: Generation, Properties and Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Definition of Nanobubbles
16.1.2 Generation Methods of MBs and NBs
16.2 Bubble Properties and Behavior in Aquatic Environments
16.2.1 Bubble Sizes, Shapes, and Rising Behavior
16.2.2 Colloidal Behavior and Interactions of Ultrafine Bubbles
16.2.3 Internal Pressures and Dependence on Bubble Sizes
16.2.4 Dissolution Behavior
16.2.5 Radical Formation and Plausible Mechanisms of NBs in Liquid
16.2.6 Potential Redox Chemistry in Water Suspensions of NBs
16.3 Reported Engineered Applications of MBs and NBs
16.3.1 Aeration with Enhanced Mass Transfer
16.3.2 Surface Cleaning and Biofoulant Prevention and Removal
16.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of NBs and Biofilm Mitigation
16.3.4 Harmful Algal Bloom Mitigation and Ecological Restoration and Remediation
16.3.5 Agricultural Applications
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 17 The Different Toxicity and Mechanism of Titanium
Dioxide (TiO2) and Titanate Nanotubes (TNTs) on
Escherichia coli
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methods and Materials
17.2.1 Chemicals
17.2.2 Characterization of TiO2 and TNTs
17.2.3 Preparation of E. coli Strain
17.2.4 Nanomaterial Inactivation Experiment
17.2.5 Inactivation Mechanism Exploration
17.3 Results
17.3.1 Material Characterization
17.3.2 Inactivation Performance of TiO2 and TNT Nanomaterials
17.3.3 Protein Degradation and K+ Leakage
17.3.4 Cell Membrane Permeability
17.3.5 Lipid Peroxidation
17.3.6 Cellular ATP Level
17.4 Discussion
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Subject Index
