Emerging nanotechnologies for manufacturing

Copyright Page......Page 2
Series Editor’s Preface......Page 3
Foreword......Page 4
Contributors......Page 6
Abstract......Page 9
Introduction......Page 10
Approaches to Nanotechnology......Page 11
Transition from Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing
......Page 12
Top-down approach......Page 13
Bottom-up approach......Page 16
Conclusions......Page 21
References......Page 22
Gas Phase Nanofication: A Strategy to Impart Fast Response in Sensors......Page 24
Introduction......Page 25
Proposed Rationale......Page 27
Methods of Establishing the Desired Redox Po2
......Page 29
Materials and processing......Page 32
Characterization......Page 33
High temperature reductive etching process......Page 34
Microstructural evolution in MoO3 derived from Mo foil oxidation......Page 35
Microstructural evolution in MoO3 thick films fabricated from the commercial powder......Page 38
Microstructural evolution in MoO3 films fabricated from sodium molybdate precursor......Page 39
Preparatory technique–microstructure–gas sensing property correlation in MoO3 films......Page 41
Microstructural modulation in MoO3-containing composite structures......Page 43
Microstructural evolution in WO3 derivedfrom W foil oxidation......Page 44
Microstructural evolution in thick films on titanium substrates......Page 51
Conclusions......Page 61
References......Page 62
Advanced Characterization Techniques for Nanostructures......Page 65
Field emission scanning electron microscope......Page 66
Scanning tunnelling microscope
......Page 68
Atomic force microscope......Page 70
Confocal microscopy......Page 73
Near field scanning optical microscopy......Page 76
Transmission electron microscope......Page 78
Focused ion beam......Page 80
Mercury porosimetry......Page 82
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy......Page 85
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy......Page 87
Secondary ion mass spectroscopy......Page 89
Auger electron spectroscopy......Page 90
Conclusion......Page 92
References......Page 93
Abstract......Page 98
Introduction......Page 99
Template-assisted nanostructuring......Page 100
Electric field induced nanostructuring......Page 113
Laser-induced nanostructuring......Page 117
Vapour–Liquid–Solid technique......Page 123
Summary and Outlook......Page 126
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 136
Synthesis of CNTs by Arc Discharge......Page 140
Synthesis of CNTs by Laser Ablation......Page 141
Synthesis of CNTs by Chemical Vapour Deposition......Page 142
Fluidized Bed CVD and Resultant Applications......Page 145
Lowering the Temperature of CVD......Page 146
Localized CNT Growth on Chips......Page 148
Positional Control: Lithography......Page 149
Growth on 3D Substrates......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 160
References......Page 161
Abstract......Page 164
Introduction......Page 165
The Mechanism of Fluorescent UC......Page 166
Upconverting Nanoparticles......Page 167
UCN in immunoassays......Page 169
UCN in bioimaging......Page 172
UCN for photodynamic therapy......Page 173
References......Page 175
Micro- and Nanomachining......Page 181
Introduction......Page 182
Machining Effects at the Microscale......Page 183
Shear angle prediction......Page 185
Langford and Cohen’s model......Page 189
Walker and Shaw’s model......Page 190
Usui’s model......Page 191
Fluid-like flow in chip formation......Page 192
Nanomachining......Page 193
Nanometric machining......Page 194
Theoretical basis of nanomachining......Page 195
Cutting force and energy......Page 196
Cutting temperatures......Page 198
Chip formation......Page 199
Minimum undeformed chip thickness......Page 201
Critical cutting radius......Page 202
Workpiece materials......Page 204
Comparison of nanometric machining and conventional machining......Page 205
Acknowledgements......Page 206
References......Page 207
Design of Experiments: A Key to Innovation in Nanotechnology......Page 210
Introduction to DoE......Page 211
OFAT: The Predominant Method Used in Practice......Page 213
Traditional Methods Used in Research and Development......Page 215
Completely randomized design......Page 216
Two-level fractional factorial design......Page 217
RSM......Page 218
Taguchi’s method......Page 220
Opportunities for improvement in experimentation......Page 221
Modern DoE Methods Appropriate for Nanotechnology and Nanomanufacturing......Page 222
Split plot design and its variants......Page 223
MSSP design......Page 225
Saturated and supersaturated design......Page 226
Mixture design......Page 227
Computer-generated design: Alphabetical optimal design......Page 228
Final Remarks......Page 229
References......Page 233
Introduction......Page 238
Potential Health Effects......Page 239
Current State of the Literature......Page 241
Characterization of Airborne Nanoparticles......Page 248
References......Page 252
Commercialization of Nanotechnologies: Technology Transfer from University Research Laboratories......Page 254
Introduction......Page 255
Start-Up Companies in Nanotechnology......Page 256
Role of Government in Commercialization......Page 257
Role of Academic Research in Commercializing Nanotechnology Products......Page 258
Technology Transfer......Page 260
Copyright......Page 261
Role of the Entrepreneur, Major Corporations and National Laboratories in Commercialization......Page 262
Web Sources......Page 263
Fabrication of Hydrogel Micropatterns by Soft Photolithography......Page 264
Introduction......Page 265
Microfabrication......Page 266
Additive microfabrication......Page 267
Hydrogel as a biomaterial......Page 268
Soft photolithography of hydrogel micropatterns......Page 269
Fabrication of PDMS......Page 270
Surface functionalization of silicon substrates by silanization......Page 271
Soft photolithography......Page 273
Conclusion......Page 277
References......Page 278
Abstract......Page 280
Introduction......Page 281
Diamond Crystal Structure and Properties......Page 282
Chemical Vapour Deposition of Diamond Films......Page 283
Growth Mechanism of NCD Films......Page 284
Techniques for the Characterization of NCD Films......Page 286
Mechanical Resonators......Page 290
Design of the Thermally Actuated NCD Actuator......Page 292
Fabrication and Integration......Page 293
Measurement and Analysis......Page 296
References......Page 301
Abstract......Page 304
Computational analysis of temperature in micromachining......Page 305
Finite element analysis......Page 315
Computational Results......Page 317
Uncoated micro tools......Page 318
Coated cutting tools......Page 320
Discussion......Page 322
Conclusions......Page 326
References......Page 327
Metal Oxide Nanopowder......Page 328
Abstract......Page 329
Introduction......Page 330
Use of nanopowders since the year 2000......Page 335
The chemistry of metal oxide nanopowder......Page 338
Criteria for the synthesis of metal oxide......Page 340
Controlling factors for the growth of nanopowder......Page 343
High temperature synthesis......Page 345
Hydrothermal synthesis......Page 346
Inverse micelle method......Page 347
Sol–gel process......Page 348
General mechanism for sol–gel process......Page 349
Acid-catalysed mechanism......Page 350
Pechini method......Page 355
Infrared spectroscopy......Page 356
Raman spectroscopy......Page 357
X-ray diffraction studies......Page 358
Electron microscopy......Page 359
Scanning electron microscopy......Page 360
The synthesis of monometal-based nanopowder......Page 361
Synthesis of bimetallic alkoxide for the preparation of bimetallic oxide nanopowder......Page 369
Physico-chemical properties of bimetallic alkoxides94–96......Page 370
Some SEM data of bimetallic oxide......Page 374
Applications of metal oxide for photoluminescence......Page 378
Conclusions......Page 383
References......Page 384
C......Page 389
D......Page 390
H......Page 391
M......Page 392
N......Page 394
P......Page 395
S......Page 396
T......Page 397
Z......Page 398