Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug and Gene Delivery

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Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug and Gene Delivery
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Contributors
1 . Background of carbon nanotubes for drug delivery systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Quantitative approaches
1.3 CNT morphology and structure
1.4 Classification of CNTs
1.4.1 Single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs)
1.4.2 Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs)
1.4.3 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs)
1.4.4 CNT types based on chirality
1.5 Drug loading on carbon nanotubes
1.5.1 CNTs and cellular uptake
1.5.2 Size of CNTs
1.5.3 Degree of agglomeration and aggregation
1.5.4 Surface charge
1.5.5 Cell type
1.6 Drug delivery using carbon nanotubes
1.6.1 Antineoplastic APIs
1.6.2 Anti-inflammatory APIs
1.6.3 Cardiovascular APIs
1.6.4 Anti-infective APIs
1.6.5 Gene therapy
1.6.6 The delivery system using conjugated CNT-liposomes
1.7 The safety profile of CNTs in terms of toxicology
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 . Properties, classification, synthesis, purification and characterization of carbon nanotubes
2.1 Properties of carbon nanotubes
2.1.1 Mechanical properties
2.1.2 Thermal properties
2.1.3 Electronic properties
2.2 Classification of carbon nanotubes
2.3 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes
2.3.1 Arc discharge
2.3.2 Laser ablation
2.3.3 Chemical vapor deposition
2.4 Purification
2.5 Characterization of carbon nanotubes
2.5.1 Electron microscopy
2.5.2 Raman spectroscopy
2.5.3 X-ray diffraction
2.5.4 Thermogravimetrical analysis
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 . Functionalization of carbon nanotube
3.1 General aspect
3.1.1 Synthesis of carbon nanotube
3.1.1.1 Electric arc discharge
3.1.1.2 Laser ablation method
3.1.1.3 Chemical vapor deposition
3.1.1.4 Electrolysis
3.1.1.5 Hydrothermal
3.2 Functionalization types of carbon nanotubes
3.2.1 Introduction to covalent functionalization
3.2.2 Classification of covalent functionalization on CNT
3.2.3 Non-covalent functionalization
3.2.4 Endohedral functionalization
3.2.5 Examples for functionalization of carbon nanotube
References
Further reading
4 . Methods for enhancing dispersibility of carbon nanotubes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods for enhancing dispersibility of CNTs
4.2.1 Covalent modification of pCNTs
4.2.1.1 Oxidation of pCNTs
4.2.1.2 Esterification and amidation of pCNTs
4.2.1.3 Halogenation of pCNTs
4.2.1.4 Cycloaddition of pCNTs
Direct cycloaddition
Post-cycloaddition
4.2.1.5 Radical addition
4.2.2 Noncovalent modification of pCNTs
4.2.2.1 Polymer coating
4.2.2.2 Polysaccharide coating
4.2.2.3 Biomolecular coating
Nucleic acid functionalization
Peptide functionalization
4.3 Conclusion
Declarations
References
5 . Drug delivery aspects of carbon nanotubes
5.1 CNTs for drug delivery
5.2 Surface engineering of CNTs for drug delivery
5.2.1 Noncovalent functionalization of CNTs
5.2.2 Covalent functionalization of CNTs
5.3 Recent applications of CNTs for drug delivery of non-anticancer drugs
5.3.1 CNTs for improving the antimicrobials treatments
5.3.1.1 CNTs for improving antimicrobials formulations
5.3.1.2 CNTs as antimicrobials agents
5.3.2 CNTs for improving the anti-inflammatory therapy
5.3.3 CNTs for improving the antihypertensive therapy
5.3.4 CNTs for antioxidants delivery
5.3.5 CNTs for delivery of diverse drugs
5.4 Current status of CNTs toxicity
5.4.1 Modification of the CNTs surface
5.4.1.1 Noncovalently functionalized CNTs
5.4.1.2 Covalently functionalized CNTs
5.4.2 Dimensions
5.4.3 Purity
5.4.4 Route of administration
5.4.5 Hemotoxicity
References
6 . Gene cargo delivery aspects of carbon nanotubes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Functionalized CNTs as nonviral vectors
6.2.1 Exohedral modification
6.2.1.1 Covalent modification of CNTs
6.2.1.2 Non-covalent modification of CNTs
6.2.2 Endohedral modification
6.3 Intracellular fate of CNTs: uptake and elimination mechanism
6.4 CNTs as an ideal gene cargo vector in various diseases
6.4.1 CNTs for plasmid DNA delivery
6.4.2 RNA interference (RNAi)
6.4.3 Oligonucleotides (ODNs)
6.4.4 DNA/RNA aptamers
6.5 Conclusion
Declarations
References
7 . Carbon nanotubes for anticancer therapy: new trends and innovations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Advantages of nanotechnology for cancer therapy
7.3 Nanotechnology systems for cancer therapy
7.4 CNTs advantages as nanocarriers for cancer therapy
7.5 CNTs as drug delivery systems for cancer therapy
7.5.1 CNTs as nanocarriers of topoisomerase I or II inhibitors
7.5.2 CNTs as nanocarriers of alkylating agents
7.5.3 CNTs as nanocarriers of antimicrotubule agents
7.5.4 CNTs as nanocarriers of antimetabolites agents
7.6 CNTs for radiotherapy
7.7 CNTs for nuclear medicine imaging
7.8 CNTs on hyperthermia therapy
7.9 CNTs for gene delivery
7.10 Considerations for in vitro viability assays in CNTs
References
Further reading
8 . Carbon nanotubes as nanovectors for targeted delivery of platinum based anticancer drugs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Platinum anticancer drugs
8.3 Mechanism of action of platinum drugs
8.4 Limitations of platinum drug therapy
8.5 Carbon nanotubes as platinum drug carriers
8.5.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes
8.5.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
8.5.3 Carbon nanohorns
8.5.4 Graphene and fullerene
8.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 . Biomimetic carbon nanotubes for neurological disease therapeutic
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The purpose of using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in neuronal tissue
9.3 Application of CNTs toward prevention of neurological disease
9.3.1 CNTs for neurodegeneration
9.3.2 CNTs for neuroprotection
9.3.3 CNTs for drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier
9.3.4 The use of CNTs for functional neurosurgery
9.3.5 The use of CNTs in the treatment of ischemic stroke
9.4 Cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of CNTs
9.5 Clinical status of CNTs and future outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
10 . Theranostic applications of functionalized carbon nanotubes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
10.2.1 Functionalized carbon nanotubes (fCNTs)
10.2.2 Properties of CNTs
10.2.2.1 Structural properties
10.2.2.2 Mechanical properties
10.2.2.3 Thermal properties
10.2.2.4 Electronic properties
10.2.3 Potential applications
10.3 Carbon nanotubes as theranostics
10.3.1 Theranostics applications of CNTs
10.3.1.1 Cancer
10.3.1.2 Infectious diseases
10.3.1.3 Neurodegenerative diseases
10.3.1.4 Others
10.4 Drug and gene delivery
10.5 The importance of theranostics for personalized medicine
10.5.1 Toxicity and biosafety considerations of CNTs
10.6 Pros and cons of CNTs
10.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
11 . Dispersions of carbon nanotubes and its biomedical and diagnostic applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Significance of dispersion of carbon nanotubes
11.3 Adopted techniques for dispersing CNTs
11.3.1 Physical methods
11.3.2 Ultrasonication
11.3.3 Ball milling
11.3.4 Plasma and irradiation techniques
11.3.5 Chemical methods
11.3.6 Inorganic salts facilitate CNT dispersion
11.3.7 CNT dispersion aided by polymers
11.4 The biomedicinal and diagnostic applications of dispersed carbon nanotubes
11.4.1 Biomedical implications of dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
11.4.2 CNT as a vehicle for drugs and gene transport
11.4.3 CNT uses for biomedical imaging
11.4.4 CNTs use for phototherapy
11.4.5 CNT-based biosensors
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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