Emerging Anti-Aging Strategies

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Genetics and Epigenetics of Aging and Age-Associated Diseases
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Genetics of Aging
1.3 Epigenetics of Aging
1.4 Case Studies of Age-Associated Diseases
1.4.1 Obesity
1.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes
1.4.3 Neurodegeneration
1.4.4 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
1.5 Therapeutic Strategies to Modulate Aging
References
2: Coenzyme Q as an Antiaging Strategy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Importance of CoQ in Aging
2.2.1 Mitochondrial Functions
2.2.2 Cell Membrane CoQ10, the Forgotten Key Function
2.2.3 Plasma Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Protection
2.2.4 Secondary CoQ Deficiency Is Associated with Aging and Age-Related Diseases
2.3 Supplementation with CoQ10, a Great Problem
2.4 Use of CoQ-Derived Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants
2.5 Induction of CoQ10 Synthesis
2.5.1 Nutritional Interventions
2.5.2 Physical Activity and Exercise
2.5.3 Bioactivenutritional Compounds: Nutraceuticals
2.5.4 Use of Pharmacological Compounds
2.6 Conclusions
References
3: Autophagy as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Molecular Mechanisms Governing the Aging Process
3.2.1 Insulin Signaling Pathway and Aging
3.2.2 mTOR/AMPK Signaling Pathway and Aging
3.2.3 Sirtuin Pathway and Aging
3.3 What is Autophagy?
3.3.1 Regulators of Autophagy
3.3.1.1 mTOR/AMPK
3.3.1.2 Sirtuins
3.3.2 Correlation Between Autophagy and Aging
3.4 Role of Autophagy in Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders
3.4.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
3.4.2 Parkinson´s Disease
3.5 Strategies to Induce Autophagy as a Therapeutic Approach to Mitigate Neurodegenerative Disorders (NDDs)
3.5.1 Caloric Restriction as a Therapeutic Approach for NDDs
3.5.2 Intermittent Fasting as a Therapeutic Approach for NDDs
3.5.3 Caloric Restriction Mimetics as a Therapeutic Approach for NDDs
3.6 Conclusion
References
4: Glycolytic Inhibitors as Caloric Restriction Mimetics (CRM)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Glycolytic Inhibitors
4.2.1 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-DG)
4.2.2 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP)
4.2.3 d-Allulose
4.2.4 Mannoheptulose
4.2.5 d-Glucosamine
4.2.6 Iodoacetate
4.2.7 Chrysin, Genistein, Astragalin, and Resveratrol
4.3 Conclusion
4.4 Future Perspective
References
5: Anti-aging and Rejuvenation Based on Stem Cell Therapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Definition and Classification of the SCs
5.3 The Biological Role of Stem Cells and Metabolic Features of SCs
5.4 Intracellular Signaling Pathway in Stem Cells (Self-Renewal and Differentiation)
5.5 Effect of Aging on Stem Cells
5.6 Stem Cell Therapeutic Strategies
5.7 Molecular Mechanisms of the Regenerative Effect of SCs
5.8 Routes of Administration of the SCs
5.9 Stem Cells in the Control of Aging
References
6: Novel Strategies for Metformin as an Anti-aging Drug in Skin Aging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Dermal Aging
6.2.1 NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway: A Master Regulator of Skin Aging
6.3 Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Skin Aging
6.3.1 The Therapeutic Effect of Metformin as an NF-kB Inhibitor in Skin Aging
References
7: Anti-inflammatory-Dependent Anti-aging Strategies
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Aging
7.1.2 Inflammation
7.1.3 New Mechanisms of Inflammation in Aging
7.2 Health Benefits of Anti-inflammatory-Dependent Anti-aging Strategies
7.2.1 Anti-inflammatory Immune Modulators Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies
7.2.2 Anti-inflammatory Pharmacological Agents Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies
7.2.2.1 Anti-inflammatory Drugs with Anti-aging Effects
7.2.3 Anti-inflammatory Compounds Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies
7.2.4 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules That Are Related to Genes on Skin Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies
7.2.5 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules on Bone Loss That Contribute to Anti-aging Strategies
7.2.6 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules on Endocrine System That Contribute to Anti-aging Strategies
7.2.7 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules for COVID-19 That Contribute to Anti-aging Strategies
7.3 Conclusion
References
8: Spermidine, an Autophagy Inducer, as a Therapeutic Antiaging Strategy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spermidine: Structure, Sources, and Biosynthesis
8.3 Spermidine and Brain
8.4 Spermidine as an Autophagy Inducer in Aging
8.5 Spermidine as an Epigenetic Regulator of Autophagy and Connection with Aging
8.6 Crosstalk Between Mitochondrial Metabolism and Autophagy
8.7 Anti-inflammatory Effects
8.8 Lipid Metabolism
8.9 Cardioprotection in Aging and Hypertensive Heart Failure
8.10 Circadian Rhythm and Aging
8.11 Conclusion
References
9: Melatonin in Aging and Aging-Related Disorders
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Hallmarks of Aging and Melatonin
9.2.1 Genomic Instability
9.2.2 Telomere Attrition
9.2.3 Epigenetic Alterations
9.2.4 Loss of Proteostasis
9.2.5 Cellular Senescence
9.2.6 Mitochondrial Dysfunction
9.2.7 Deregulated Nutrient Sensing
9.2.8 Stem Cell Exhaustion
9.2.9 Altered Intercellular Communication
9.3 Aging-Related Disorders and Oxidative Stress
9.4 Is Melatonin a Miraculous Indolamine
9.5 Melatonin in Aging
9.5.1 Melatonin in Alzheimer´s Disease
9.5.2 Melatonin in Parkinson´s Disease
9.5.3 Melatonin in Huntington´s Disease
9.5.4 Melatonin in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
9.5.5 Melatonin in Multiple Sclerosis
9.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
10: Intermittent Fasting as an Anti-Aging Strategy
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Dietary Restriction as an Anti-Aging Intervention
10.1.2 Types of Dietary Restriction
10.1.2.1 Caloric Restriction
Caloric Restriction Mimetics (CRMs)
10.2 Intermittent Fasting
10.2.1 Metabolic Switch During Fasting and Its Mechanism
10.2.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Intermittent Fasting
10.2.3 Fasting and Circadian Rhythm
10.2.4 Time-Restricted Feeding and Circadian Rhythm
10.2.5 Beneficial Effects of Intermittent Fasting
10.2.5.1 Hormonal Changes During Intermittent Fasting
10.2.5.2 Obesity and Body Weight
10.2.5.3 Fasting and Cardiovascular Diseases
10.2.5.4 Fasting and Cancer
10.2.5.5 Fasting and Neurodegeneration
10.2.5.6 Fasting and Metabolic Syndrome
10.2.5.7 Fasting and Inflammation
10.3 Intermittent Fasting in Model Organisms
10.3.1 Mediterranean Diet
10.3.2 Ketogenic Diet
10.4 Conclusion
References
11: The Role of Curcumin as an Anti-Aging Compound
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cellular Senescence
11.3 Age-Related Diseases and Senescence
11.4 Intervention Against Aging
11.5 Curcumin
11.6 Curcumin and Its Anti-Aging Role
11.7 Curcumin and SASP
11.8 Curcumin´s Role in Autophagy
11.9 Cancer and Curcumin
11.10 Curcumin´s Senolytic Activity
11.11 The Microbiome and Bioavailability
11.12 Conclusion
References
12: The Role of Telomerase Activators in Antiaging Strategies and their Clinical Potential
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Telomere, Telomerase Activity, and Telomeric Aging
12.3 Telomerase Activity and Antiaging
12.4 Telomerase Activators: Molecular Mechanism of Action
12.5 Telomerase Activators in Antiaging Clinical Aspects
12.6 Conclusion
References
13: Clinical Laboratories and Their Role in Anti-Aging Strategies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cardio-metabolic Biomarkers
13.3 Immune-Related Biomarkers and Anti-aging
13.4 Nutrition-Related Biomarkers
References
14: Antiaging Strategies Based on Sirtuin Activation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Role of Sirtuin in Lifespan of Organism
14.3 Antiaging Potential of Sirtuins
14.4 Caloric Restriction and Caloric Restriction Mimetics
14.5 Sirtuins and Cellular Senescence
14.6 Sirtuins as a Powerful Tool in Antiaging Medicine
14.7 Conclusion
References
15: A Vaccine for the Pandemic of Aging? Conceptual and Ethical Issues
15.1 Introduction
15.2 A Revolutionary Proposal
15.2.1 A ``Vaccine for the Pandemic of Aging´´
15.3 Is Aging a Pandemic?
15.3.1 What Is a Pandemic?
15.3.2 Is Aging a Pandemic?
15.3.3 Is Aging a Disease?
15.3.4 A Broader Understanding of ``Pandemic´´
15.4 A Vaccine for Aging?
15.4.1 What Is a Vaccine?
15.4.2 A Vaccine for Aging?
15.5 Ethical Implications
15.5.1 Would Extending Lifespan Using Makropulos Vaccines Be Harmful to the Individual?
15.5.2 Would the Makropulos Vaccine Be Harmful to Society?
15.5.3 Should Life-Extending Vaccines Be Fairly Distributed?
15.6 Conclusion
References
16: Cognitive and Emotional Aging Across the Life Span: Implications for Building the Cognitive Reserve and Resilience
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Cognitive Aging
16.1.2 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Changes with Aging
16.1.3 Emotional Aging
16.1.3.1 Theoretical Accounts of Emotional Aging
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
The Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) Model
Dynamic Integration Theory
Discrete Emotions Perspective
16.2 Positivity Effect in Old Age
16.2.1 Neuroscientific Evidence on Positivity Effect
16.3 Interaction Between Cognitive and Affective Aging
16.4 The Life Span Perspective of Cognitive and Emotional Aging
16.4.1 Examining Emotion Regulation for Positive and Negative Affect Across the Life Span: East Asian and Indian Context
16.4.1.1 Shift in Affective Bias Through Cognitive Control: Effect of Aging on Emotion Regulation
16.4.1.2 Effect of Aging on Emotion Regulation, Affect Representation, and Affective Experience
16.5 Why Do We Find Positivity Effect with Aging?
16.6 Implications and Strategies for Building Resilience and Cognitive Reserve as a Function of the Interaction Between Cognit...
16.6.1 The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis
16.6.1.1 Lifetime Experiences and Cognitive Reserve
16.6.1.2 Bilingualism and Cognitive Reserve
16.6.2 Cognitive Interventions and Resilience
16.6.3 Emotional Aging and Cognitive Reserve
16.6.4 Implications of Emotional Aging for Cognitive Reserve
16.6.5 The Affective Reserve Hypothesis
16.7 Conclusion
References
17: Tissue Reconstructive and Regenerative Medicine Approach as an Anti-Aging Intervention: Relevance to Age-Induced Osteoarth...
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Changes in Articular Cartilage Joints Associated with Age-Induced Osteoarthritis
17.2.1 Structure, Component, and Function of Articular Cartilage
17.2.2 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Articular Cartilage Formation and Its Degeneration in Osteoarthritic Joints
17.3 Conventional Osteoarthritis Treatments and Their Limitations
17.4 Tissue Engineering Applications for Osteoarthritis
References
18: Age-Adjustment Expertise in Rat Models of Human Diseases
18.1 Prologue
18.1.1 Rats and Humans: Lifecycle of Two Species
18.1.2 The Gompertz Makeham Law
18.1.3 The Phenomenon of Late-Life Mortality Deceleration
References