This book tells the story of Emanuel Goldberg, a chemist, inventor, and industrialist who contributed to almost every aspect of imaging technology in the first half of the 20th century. Despite his accomplishments, history has not been kind to Goldberg, a name all but erased from the annals of information science. An incredible story emerges as Michael Buckland unearths forgotten documents and rogue citations to show that, contrary to public opinion, Goldberg created the first desktop search engine, developed microdot technology, and designed the famous Contax 35 mm camera. A fascinating and illuminating tribute to a great mind and a crucial period in the history of information science and technology.An incredible story emerges as Buckland unearths forgotten documents and rogue citations to make the case that it was Goldberg, not Vannevar Bush, who created the first desktop search engine. Goldberg, not Professor Zapp (a figment of J. Edgar Hoover's imagination), who developed microdot technology. Goldberg, not Heinz Kueppenbender, who designed the famous Contax 35 mm camera. Buckland firmly yet engagingly gives credit where credit is due, in the process shedding light on the circumstances that led to Goldberg's obscurity. The result is an illuminating tribute to a great mind, and a fascinating investigation of a crucial period in the history of information science and technology.
Author(s): Michael Buckland
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 400
Contents......Page 6
Illustrations......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
The Origins of Information Science......Page 16
Colonel Grigorii Goldberg......Page 18
Emanuel Goldberg’s Education......Page 21
A Quota......Page 24
Electro-Plating Zinc......Page 26
Studies Abroad......Page 28
Temperature and Photochemical Reactions......Page 29
German Higher Education......Page 36
Photoengraving and Halftone Printing......Page 38
The Moiré Effect......Page 39
Military Officers......Page 42
Early Life......Page 44
Love and Warsaw......Page 47
Ouroboros......Page 48
Graphics and Industrial Design......Page 52
Graphic Arts Education......Page 53
The Year 1907......Page 54
Illustration 5.1. Academy for Graphic Arts and Bookcraft, Leipzig......Page 56
Dr. Mees Again......Page 59
Exhibitions......Page 61
Progress......Page 65
The Characteristic Curve......Page 68
The Goldberg Wedge......Page 70
Wedges in Sensitometry......Page 73
The Densograph......Page 74
Illustration 6.4. Densograph with angled eyepiece and Zeiss Ikon logo, circa 1930......Page 77
Ostwald and Hypertext......Page 78
Josef Maria Eder and Franz Stolze......Page 80
Recognition......Page 82
Professor Luther Goes to War......Page 84
Early Aerial Photography......Page 85
Drachen-Photographie......Page 86
Illustration 7.2. Ernst Wandersleb, 1879–1963......Page 90
Moving On......Page 92
List on Sylt......Page 93
Dresden......Page 96
Innovations......Page 98
Illustration 8.3. Goldberg and his staff, circa 1920......Page 100
Illustration 8.4. Kinamo N25 movie camera......Page 102
Illustration 8.8. Goldberg, Herbert, Renate, Sophie, and an unidentified youth in Die verzauberten Schuhe......Page 107
Illustration 8.11. Son and father (Herbert and Goldberg) receive a letter......Page 110
The Gamma......Page 114
The Goldberg Condition......Page 115
Movie Soundtracks, Fidelity, and Aesthetic Perception......Page 117
Der Aufbau......Page 119
Sharpness of Details......Page 120
Microphotography......Page 121
Goldberg-Style Microdot......Page 124
A National Library in Your Pocket......Page 127
Zeiss Ikon......Page 134
Sound Movies......Page 137
The Messter Medal......Page 138
Rangefinder Design......Page 139
Illustration 11.1. Coupled rangefinder for folding camera......Page 140
Oeserstrasse 5......Page 144
Wireless......Page 148
Fernseh AG......Page 149
Intermediate Technology......Page 152
Standard Film Speeds......Page 156
Dr. Auromontanus......Page 159
Machines for Amsterdam......Page 162
Illustration 14.1. Alexander Rudolph’s Continuous Revolving File and Index, 1892......Page 164
Paul Otlet on Workstations......Page 167
The Statistical Machine......Page 169
Illustration 14.6. Diagram of the Statistical Machine showing the sensing mechanism and projection of the image of a document......Page 172
The Convergence of Electronics and Photography......Page 177
Goldberg’s Political Views......Page 180
Political Developments in 1933......Page 182
Martin Ludwig and Comrades......Page 185
Cryptic News......Page 189
Flight......Page 191
Ikonta and Optica......Page 194
A Copying Camera......Page 197
More Negotiations......Page 201
17 Palestine......Page 204
The Laboratory......Page 206
Apprentices......Page 208
Life in Tel Aviv......Page 211
Commercial Products......Page 212
Improvisation......Page 215
Vera Salomons......Page 216
Advisory Services......Page 217
A Visit to the United States......Page 218
18 Military Needs......Page 222
Aerial Photography......Page 224
Illustration 18.1. Aerial photo rectifier built during World War II......Page 225
Sniper Sights......Page 226
The Ktina......Page 227
Advisory Services......Page 228
Appendix: Goldberg Laboratory Products......Page 229
Zeiss Ikon and the Statistical Machine......Page 232
Ralph Shaw......Page 233
Vannevar Bush......Page 234
The Paradoxical Memex......Page 235
Acknowledgment......Page 237
A Networked Search Machine......Page 240
Difficulties......Page 244
El Op......Page 246
An Engineer at Last......Page 248
Illustration 20.1. Emanuel Goldberg in the 1960s......Page 250
Russia......Page 252
Loewe and Fernseh AG......Page 253
Zeiss and Zeiss Ikon......Page 255
Saxony......Page 259
Microdots......Page 260
Goldberg’s Vision for Israel......Page 262
Memory and Method......Page 264
Goldberg the Educator......Page 266
Political, Religious, and Social Views......Page 267
History and What Is Remembered......Page 269
Acknowledgments and Sources......Page 272
A.1. The Glass Library, by Michael Gesell......Page 274
A.2. A National Library in the Vestpocket......Page 275
A.3. Goldberg’s Messter Medal Acceptance Speech......Page 278
Appendix B: Biographical Sources......Page 282
Appendix C: Goldberg Patents......Page 286
Notes......Page 290
Bibliography of Emanuel Goldberg’s Writings......Page 340
General Bibliography......Page 356
Index......Page 390
Illustration 1.1. Colonel Grigorii Ignat’evich Goldberg......Page 19
Illustration 1.2. Goldberg’s family group, circa 1900.......Page 20
Illustration 2.1. Certificate of nonadmission to the Imperial Technical School, Moscow......Page 25
Illustration 2.2. Robert Luther, 1868–1945......Page 31
Illustration 3.1. Moiré effect on portrait of Goldberg with a lathe......Page 40
Illustration 4.1. Sophie Posniak, circa 1907......Page 45
Illustration 4.2. Sophie Posniak and Emanuel Goldberg at the time of their engagement, circa 1907......Page 46
Illustration 4.3. Sophie Posniak’s bookplate......Page 49
Illustration 4.4. Early bookplate of Emanuel Goldberg......Page 50
Illustration 4.5. Later bookplate of Emanuel Goldberg......Page 51
Illustration 5.2. Emanuel and Sophie Goldberg, circa 1909......Page 57
Illustration 5.3. Certificate expressing regret that Goldberg was ineligible for an award......Page 63
Illustration 5.4. Wer Ist’s? Cartoon of Academy instructors......Page 66
Illustration 6.1. A typical Characteristic Curve......Page 69
Illustration 6.2. Densograph: side view......Page 75
Illustration 6.3. Densograph: top view; and plot......Page 76
Illustration 7.1. Aerodynamic Observation Balloon (Drachenballon)......Page 89
Illustration 8.1. Announcement of Goldberg’s appointment at Ica, June 1917......Page 97
Illustration 8.2. Self-focusing enlarger by Emanuel Goldberg and Martin Nowicki, 1926......Page 99
Illustration 8.5. Herbert Goldberg helps Renate look out of the window......Page 104
Illustration 8.6. “Handheld filming with the Zeiss Ikon Kinamo.”......Page 105
Illustration 8.7. Goldberg and Herbert in a tent......Page 106
Illustration 8.9. Sophie weeping, with Renate, in Die verzauberten Schuhe......Page 108
Illustration 8.10. Herbert and Goldberg look out from a farm hut......Page 109
Illustration 8.12. Son and father (Herbert and Goldberg) enjoy a parcel of candies......Page 111
Illustration 8.13. Student’s cartoon of Goldberg, 1927......Page 112
Illustration 10.1. Diagram of Goldberg’s method of photographing a negative to produce microphotographs, 1917......Page 122
Illustration 10.2. Goldberg’s 1925 Microdot......Page 125
Illustration 10.3. Mechanized desktop microfilm reader......Page 130
Illustration 11.2. Contax Model I, 1932......Page 141
Illustration 11.3. Contax Model II, 1934......Page 142
Illustration 11.4. “When the Professor travels.” Cartoon......Page 145
Illustration 12.1. Cross Section of a Nipkow disk......Page 150
Illustration 12.2. Fernseh AG’s “Intermediate-film” Mobile Television Camera......Page 153
Illustration 13.1. Sensitometria Diabolica; or, Punch on the Standards Committee......Page 160
Illustration 14.2. Brooks B. Harding’s Cataloguing Device, 1932......Page 165
Illustration 14.3. Georges Sebille’s Apparatus for Reading Books and the Like, 1932......Page 166
Illustration 14.4. The Statistical Machine’s sensing mechanism......Page 170
Illustration 14.5. Microfilmed documents with associated index codes......Page 171
Illustration 14.8. Array of light bulbs for specifying a search......Page 174
Illustration 14.9. Diagram of the Statistical Machine showing use of light bulbs......Page 175
Illustration 15.1. Goldberg’s forced letter of resignation, April 4, 1933......Page 188
Illustration 16.1. Copying camera......Page 199
Illustration 16.2. Photographic copying apparatus......Page 200
Illustration 17.1. Goldberg instructs his staff in the Laboratory......Page 210
Illustration 17.2. Goldberg refractometer......Page 213
Illustration 17.3. Goldberg at his desk, with boiler refractometer......Page 214
Illustration 19.1. Diagram for conducting searches remotely by telephone......Page 241
N 1. Trigonometry of the Gamma......Page 310
