Elementary Textbook on Physics: Mechanics, Heat, Molecular Physics

Front Cover
Front Jacket
Title Page
Contents
From the Preface to the First Russian Edition
From the Publishers of the Tenth Russian Edition
Introduction
Part One Mechanics
Chapter 1 Kinematics
1.1. Motion of Bodies
1.2. Kinematics. Relative Nature of Motion and State of Rest
1.3. Trajectory of Motion
1.4. Translatory and Rotary Motion of a Body
1.5. Motion of a Point
1.6. Description of Motion of a Point
1.7. Measurement of Length
1.8. Measurement of Time Intervals
1.9. Uniform Rectilinear Motion and Its Velocity
1.10 The Sign of Velocity in Rectilinear Motion
1.11. Units of Velocity
1.12. Path vs. Time Graph
1.13. Velocity vs. Time Graph
1.14. Nonuniform Rectilinear Motion. Average Velocity
1.15. Instantaneous Velocity
1.16. Acceleration in Rectilinear Motion
1.17. Velocity of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in a Straight Line
1.18. The Sign of Acceleration in Rectilinear Motion
1.19. Velocity Graphs for Uniformly Accelerated Motion in a Straight Line
1.20. Velocity Graph for an Arbitrary Nonuniform Motion
1.21. Calculation of the Path Traversed in Nonuniform Motion with the Help of Velocity Graph
1.23. Vectors
1.24. Decomposition of a Vector into Components
1.25. Curvilinear Motion
1.26. Velocity of Curvilinear Motion
1.27. Acceleration in Curvilinear Motion
1.28. Motion in Different Reference Systems
1.29. Kinematics of Motion in Outer Space
Chapter 2 Dynamics
2.1. Problems of Dynamics
2.2. Law of Inertia
2.3. Inertial Reference Systems
2.4. Galileo’s Relativity Principle
2.5. Forces
2.6. Balanced Forces. State of Rest and Inertial Motion
2.7. Force as a Vector. Standard of Force
2.8. Spring Balance
2.9. The Point of Application of a Force
2.10. Resultant Force
2.11. Composition of Forces Acting along a Straight Line
2.12. Composition of Forces Acting at an Angle to Each Other
2.13. Relation between Force and Acceleration
2.14. Mass of a Body
2.15. Newton’s Second Law
2.16. Units of Force and Mass
2.17. Systems of Units
2.18. Newton’s Third Law
2.19. Applications of Newton’s Third Law
2.20. Momentum of a Body
2.21. System of Bodies. Law of Momentum Conservation
2.22. Application of the Law of Momentum Conservation
2.23. Free Fall of Bodies
2.24. Free Fall Acceleration
2.25. Falling of a Body with Zero Initial Velocity and Motion of a Body Thrown Vertically Upwards
2.26. Weight of a Body
2.27. Mass and Weight
2.28. Density of Substances
2.29. Emergence of Deformations
2.30. Deformations in Stationary Bodies Caused Only by Contact Forces
2.31. Deformations in Stationary Bodies Caused by the Force of Gravity
2.32. Deformation of a Body Moving with an Acceleration
2.33. Vanishing of Deformations in Free Fail
2.34. Destruction of Moving Bodies
2.35. Frictional Forces
2.36. Rolling Friction
2.37. Role of Friction
2.38. Resistance of Medium
2.39. Falling of Bodies in Air
Chapter 3 Statics
3.1. Problems of Statics
3.2. Perfectly Rigid Body
3.3. Translation of the Point of Application of a Force Acting on a Rigid Body
3.4. Equilibrium of a Body under the Action of Three Forces
3.5. Decomposition of Forces
3.6. Projections of Forces. General Conditions of Equilibrium
3.7. Constraints. Constraining Forces. A Body with a Fixed Axis
3.8. Equilibrium of a Body with a Fixed Axis
3.9. Moment of Force
3.10. Measurement of Torque
3.11. Force Couple
3.12. Composition of Parallel Forces. Centre of Gravity
3.13. Determination of the Centre of Gravity of a Body
3.14. Equilibrium of a Body under the Action of the Force of Gravity
3.15. Conditions of Stable Equilibrium under the Action of the Force of Gravity
3.16. Simple Machines
3.17. Wedge and Screw
Chapter 4 Work and Energy
4.1. “Golden Rule” of Mechanics
4.2. Applications of the "Golden Rule”
4.3. Work Done by a Force
4.4. Work Done during a Displacement Normal to the Direction of Force
4.5. Work Done by a Force Acting at an Arbitrary Angle to Displacement
4.6. Positive and Negative Work
4.7. Units of Work
4.8. Motion over a Horizontal Plane
4.9. Work Done by the Force of Gravity in Motion over an Inclined Plane
4.10. Principle of Work Conservation
4.11. Energy
4.12. Potential Energy
4.13. Potential Energy of Elastic Deformation
4.14. Kinetic Energy
4.15. Kinetic Energy in Terms of Mass and Velocity of a Body
4.16. Total Energy of a Body
4.17. The Law of Energy Conservation
4.18. Frictional Forces and the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
4.19. Conversion of Mechanical Energy into Internal Energy
4.20. General Nature of the Law of Energy Conservation
4.21. Power
4.22. Calculation of Power of Machines
4.23. Power, Speed and Dimensions of Machines
4.24. Efficiency of Machines
Chapter 5 Curvilinear Motion
5.1. Emergence of Curvilinear Motion
5.2. Acceleration of a Curvilinear Motion
5.3. Motion of a Body Thrown along the Horizontal
5.4. Motion of a Body Thrown at an Angle to the Horizontal
5.5. Flight of Bullets and Projectiles
5.6. Angular Velocity
5.7. Forces in a Uniform Circular Motion
5.8. Emergence of the Force Acting on a Body Moving in a Circle
5.9. Rupture of Flywheels
5.10. Deformation of a Body Moving in a Circle
5.11. Roller Coaster
5.12. Banking of Tracks
5.13. The Circular Motion of a Suspended Body
5.14. Motion of Planets
5.15. The Law of Universal Gravitation
5.16. Artificial Satellites of the Earth
Chapter 6 Motion in Noninertial Reference Systems and Inertial Forces
6.1. The Role of a Reference System
6.2. Motion Relative to Different Inertial Systems
6.3. Motion Relative to an Inertial and a Noninertial Reference System
6.4. Noninertial Systems in Translatory Motion
6.5. Inertial Forces
6.6. Equivalence of Inertial Forces and Gravitational Forces
6.7. Weightlessness and Overloads
6.8. Is the Earth an Inertial Reference System?
6.9. Rotating Reference Systems
6.10. Inertial Forces for a Body Moving Relative to a Rotating Reference System
6.11. Proof of the Earth's Rotation
6.12. Tides
Chapter 7 Hydrostatics
7.1. Mobility of Liquids
7.2. Force of Pressure
7.3. Measurement of Compressibility of a Liquid
7.4. “Incompressible” Liquid
7.5. Forces of Pressure Are Transmitted in a Liquid in All Directions
7.6. Direction of Forces of Pressure
7.7. Pressure
7.8. Membrane Manometer
7.9. Independence of Pressure of the Orientation of an Area Element
7.10. Units of Pressure
7.11. Determination of Forces of Pressure from Pressure
7.12. Distribution of Pressure in a Liquid
7.13. Pascal’s Principle
7.14. Hydraulic Press
7.15. Liquid under the Action of the Force of Gravity
7.16. Communicating Vessels
7.17. Liquid Column Manometer
7.18. Water Supply System. Pressure Pump
7.19. Siphon
7.20. Force of Pressure on the Bottom of a Vessel
7.21. Water Pressure in Sea Depths
7.22. The Strength of a Submarine
7.23. Archimedes’ Principle
7.24. Measurement of Density of Bodies on the Basis of Archimedes’ Principle
7.25. Floatation of Bodies
7.26. Floatation of Hollow Bodies
7.27. Stability of Floating Ships
7.28. Rising of Bubbles to the Surface
7.29. Bodies Lying on the Bottom of a Vessel
Chapter 8 Aerostatics
8.1. Mechanical Properties of Gases
8.2. Atmosphere
8.3. Atmospheric Pressure
8.4. Other Experiments Confirming the Existence of the Atmospheric Pressure
8.5. Vacuum Pumps
8.6. Effect of the Atmospheric Pressure on the Level of Liquid in a Pipe
8.7. Maximum Height of a Liquid Column
8.8. Torricelli’s Experiment. Mercury Barometer and Aneroid Barometer
8.9. Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure over Altitude
8.10. Physiological Effect of Lowered Air Pressure
8.11. Archimedes’ Principle for Gases
8.12. Balloons and Airships
8.13. Application of Compressed Air in Engineering
Chapter 9 Fluid Dynamics
9.1. Pressure in a Fluid Flow
9.2. Fluid Flow in Pipes. Fluid Friction
9.3. Bernoulli’s Law
9.4. Fluid in Noninertial Reference Systems
9.5. Reaction of a Moving Fluid and Its Application
9.6. Motion over Water Surface
9.7. Rockets
9.9. Ballistic Missiles
9.10. Launching a Rocket from the Earth
9.11. Air Resistance. Resistance of Water
9.12. Magnus Effect and Circulation
9.14. Turbulence in a Fluid Flow
9.15. Laminar Flow
Part Two Heat. Molecular Physics
Chapter 10 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
10.1. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
10.2. Thermometers
10.3. Formula of Linear Expansion
10.4. Formula for Volume Expansion
10.5. Relation between Temperature Coefficients of Linear and Volume Expansion
10.6. Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Volume Expansion for Liquids
10.7. Thermal Expansion of Water
Chapter 11 Work. Heat. Law of Energy Conservation
11.1. Change of the State of Bodies
11.2. Heating of Bodies on Which Work Is Done
11.3. The Change in the Internal Energy in Heat Transfer
11.4. Units of Heat
11.5. Dependence of Internal Energy of a Body on Its Mass and Substance of Which It Is Made Up
11.6. Heat Capacity of a Body
11.7. Specific Heat Capacity
11.8. Calorimeter. Measurement of Heat Capacity
11.9. The Law of Energy Conservation
11.10. Perpetual-Motion Machine (Perpetuum Mobile)
11.11. Types of Processes Involving Heat Transfer
Chapter 12 Molecular Theory
12.1. Molecules and Atoms
12.2. Size of Atoms and Molecules
12.3. Microworld
12.4. Internal Energy from the Viewpoint of Molecular Theory
12.5. Molecular Motion
12.6. Molecular Motion in Gases, Liquids and Solids
12.7. Brownian Movement
12.8. Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 13 Properties of Gases
13.1. Pressure of a Gas
13.2. Temperature Dependence of Gas Pressure
13.3. Formula Expressing Gay-Lussac’s Law
13.4. Gay-Lussac’s Law from the Point of View of Molecular Theory
13.5. Variation of Gas Temperature with a Change in Its Volume. Adiabatic and Isothermal Processes
13.6. Boyle’s Law
13.7. Formula Expressing Boyle’s Law
13.8. The Graph Representing Boyle’s Law
13.9. Relation between the Gas Density and Pressure
13.10. Molecular Interpretation of Boyle’s Law
13.11. Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature
13.12. Charles’ Law
13.13. Graphs Representing Gay-Lussac’s and Charles’ Laws
13.14. Thermodynamic Temperature
13.15. Gas Thermometer
13.16. Gas Volume and Thermodynamic Temperature
13.17. Temperature Dependence of Gas Density
13.18. Equation of State for a Gas
13.19. Dalton’s Law
13.20. Density of Gases
13.21. Avogadro’s Law
13.22. Mole. Avogadro’s Number
13.23. Velocities of Gas Molecules
13.24. Measurement of Velocities of Gas Molecules(Stern’s Experiment)
13.25. Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
13.26. Molar Heat Capacities
13.27. The Dulong and Petit Law
Chapter 14 Properties of Liquids
14.1. Structure of Liquids
14.2. Surface Energy
14.3. Surface Tension
14.4. Liquid Films
14.5. Temperature Dependence of Surface Tension
14.6. Wetting and Nonwetting
14.7. Arrangement of Molecules at the Surface of Bodies
14.8. The Role of the Curvature of the Free Surface of a Liquid
14.9. Capillary Phenomena
14.10. The Height to Which a Liquid Rises in Capillary Tubes
14.11. Adsorption
14.12. Floatation
14.13. Dissolution of Gases
14.14. Mutual Solubility of Liquids
14.15. Dissolution of Solids in Liquids
Chapter 15 Properties of Solids. Transition from Solid to Liquid State
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Crystalline Bodies
15.3. Amorphous Bodies
15.4. Crystal Lattice
15.5. Crystallisation
15.6. Melting and Solidification
15.7. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
15.8. Supercooling
15.9. The Change in the Density of a Substance during Fusion
15.10. Polymers
15.11. Alloys
15.12. Solidification of Solutions
15.13. Cooling Mixtures
15.14. Variation of Properties of a Solid
Chapter 16 Elasticity and Strength
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Elastic and Plastic Deformations
16.3. Hooke’s Law
16.4. Extension and Compression
16.5. Shear
16.6. Torsion
16.7. Bending
16.8. Strength
16.9. Hardness
16.10. What Occurs during Deformations of Bodies?
16.11. Energy Variation during Deformations of Bodies
Chapter 17 Properties of Vapours
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Saturated and Unsaturated Vapour
17.3. Variation of Volume of Liquid and Saturated Vapour
17.4. Dalton’s Law for Vapours
17.5. Molecular Pattern of Evaporation
17.6. Temperature Dependence of Saturated Vapour Pressure
17.7. Boiling
17.8. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation
17.9. Cooling during Evaporation
17.10. The Change in the Internal Energy during a Transition of a Substance from the Liquid State to Vapour
17.11. Evaporation from Curved Surfaces of Liquids
17.12. Superheating of a Liquid
17.13. Supersaturation of Vapours
17.14. Vapour Saturation in Sublimation
17.15. Liquefaction of Gases
17.16. Critical Temperature
17.17. Liquefaction of Gases in Engineering
17.18. Vacuum Technology
17.19. Water Vapour in the Atmosphere
Chapter 18 Physics of the Atmosphere
18.1. The Atmosphere
18.2. Heat Balance of the Earth
18.3. Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere
18.4. Clouds
18.5. Artificial Precipitation
18.6. Wind
18.7. Weather Forecasting
Chapter 19 Heat Engines
19.1. Necessary Conditions for the Operation of Heat Engines
19.2. Steam Power Plant
19.3. Steam Boiler
19.4. Steam Turbine
19.5. Steam Piston Engine
19.6. Condenser
19.7. Efficiency of Heat Engines
19.8. Efficiency of a Steam Power Plant
19.9. Petrol Internal Combustion Engine
19.10. Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines
19.11. Diesel Engine
19.12. Jet Engines
19.13. Heat Transfer from a Cold to a Hot Body
Answers and Solutions
Index
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