Electrospun Nanofibers from Bioresources for High-Performance Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1 Some Insights On Electrospun Nanofibers From Bioresources
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electrospinning and Its Governing Factors
1.2.1 Parameters Influencing the Electrospinning Process
1.2.1.1 Process/Operational Parameters
1.2.1.2 Spin Dope/Solution Parameters
1.3 Nanofibers Derived From Biosources/Bio-Polymers
1.3.1 Polysaccharides
1.3.1.1 Cellulose
1.3.1.2 Chitin
1.3.1.3 Chitosan
1.3.1.4 Pullulan
1.3.1.5 Cyclodextrin
1.3.2 Proteins
1.3.2.1 Zein
1.3.2.2 Silk Protein
1.3.2.3 Bovine Serum Albumin
1.3.2.4 Soy Protein Isolates
1.3.2.5 Whey Protein Isolates
1.3.3 Lignin Derivatives
1.4 Application of Biopolymer-Based Nanofibers
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Electrospinning of Biofibers and Their Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biopolymers
2.2.1 Starch Based Polymer Composites
2.2.2 Polylactic Acid Based Composites
2.2.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Based Compounds
2.2.4 Plant Protein Based Polymers
2.3 Biofibers
2.4 Electrospinning
2.5 Other Techniques
2.5.1 Coaxial Electrospinning
2.5.2 Emulsion Electrospinning
2.5.3 Melt Electrospinning
2.6 Major Applications
2.7 Biopolymers in Electrospinning
2.7.1 Cellulose Based
2.7.2 Casein Based
2.7.3 Starch Based
2.7.4 Chitosan Based
2.7.5 Silk Based
2.8 Summary and Perspectives
References
3 Mechano-Morphological Analysis of Electrospun Nanofibers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Surface Morphology of Nanofibers
3.2.1 Surface Morphology of Nanofibers By Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.2.2 Surface Morphology of Nanofibers By Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.3 Mechanical Analysis of Nanofiber Mats
3.4 Mechanical Analysis of Single Nanofibers
3.5 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
4 Spectroscopic Analyses for Surface Characterization of Electrospun Fibers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
4.2.1 General Principle
4.2.2 FTIR Replaces IR
4.2.3 Advantages of FT-IR
4.2.4 Information From FTIR Spectra
4.2.5 Example
4.3 X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) Analysis
4.2.6 General Principle
4.2.7 Information From XRD Spectra
4.2.8 Example
4.4 Raman Spectroscopy
4.4.1 General Principle
4.4.2 Advantages of Raman Spectroscopy Over IR Spectroscopy
4.4.3 Information From Raman Spectra
4.5 Ultraviolet - Visible Spectroscopy (UV)
4.5.1 General Principle
4.5.2 Information From the UV-Visible Spectrum
4.5.3 Example
4.6 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy
4.6.1 General Principle
4.6.2 Information From PL Spectra
4.6.3 Example
4.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
4.7.1 General Principle
4.7.2 Information From NMR Spectra
4.7.3 Example
4.8 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
4.8.1 General Principle
4.9 Information From Fluorescence Spectra
4.9.1 Example
4.10 Conclusion
References
5 Natural Polysaccharides-Based Electrospun Nanofibers for High Performance Food Packaging Applications
5.1 Introduction to Food Packaging
5.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Packaging Applications
5.3 Electrospinning of Polysaccharides for Food Packaging
5.3.1 Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibers
5.3.2 Starch Nanofibers
5.3.3 Alginate Nanofibers
5.3.4 Nanofibers of Cellulose and Its Derivatives
5.3.5 Dextran
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Needleless Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bubble Electrospinning
6.2.1 Hollow Tube
6.2.2 Roller Electrospinning
6.2.3 Wire Electrode
6.2.3.1 Slit-Surface Electrospinning
6.2.3.2 Perspective
6.2.3.3 Production of Curcumin Embedded Nanofibers Using Needleless Wire Based Electrospinning
6.3 Outcomes
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Electrospun Implantable Conducting Nanomaterials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electrospinning and Its Application in the Biomedical Field
7.2.1 Electrospinning in Tissue Engineering Applications
7.2.2 Electrospinning in Drug Delivery Applications
7.3 Potential Conductive Biopolymers
7.3.1 Polypyrrole (PPy)
7.3.2 Polyaniline (PANi)
7.3.3 Poly (3, 4-Ethyl-Enedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
7.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
7.4 Electrospun Conducting Hydrogel Application in Tissue Engineering
7.4.1 Neural Tissue Engineering
7.4.2 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
7.4.3 Bone Tissue Engineering
7.4.4 Biosensors
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Electrospun Nanofiber Web for Protective Textile Materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electrospinning of Polymers
8.3 Incorporating Electrospinning With Protective Textiles
8.4 Antimicrobial Protective Clothing
8.5 Heat/thermal Resistant Protective Clothing
8.6 Liquid Penetration Resistant Protective Clothing
8.7 Protective Textiles for Micro and Nanoparticles
8.8 Protective Textiles/ Clothing Against Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
8.9 Chemical Protective Clothing
8.10 Conclusion
References
9 Combining Melt Electrowriting (MEW) and Other Electrospinning-Based Technologies With 3D Printing to Manufacture …
9.1 Scaffold Design Parameters
9.1.1 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability
9.1.2 Morphology and Topography
9.1.3 Porosity and Pore Size
9.1.4 Swelling Properties
9.1.5 Mechanical Properties
9.1.6 Conductivity
9.2 Materials for TE
9.2.1 Electrically Conductive Polymers (CPs)
9.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials
9.2.3 Conductive TE Scaffolds
9.2.3.1 Processing Methods
9.2.3.2 CP Coating
9.2.3.3 CP Blending
9.2.3.4 Carbon-Based Conducting Macromolecules Composites
9.2.3.5 Use Cases of CPs for TE
9.3 Multiphasic Additive Manufacturing for TE
9.3.1 Extrusion Techniques
9.3.1.1 Screw Extrusion
9.3.1.2 Pressure Extrusion
9.3.1.3 Piston Extrusion
9.3.1.4 Filament Extrusion
9.3.2 Manufacturing Processes
9.3.2.1 FDM and Bioprinting
9.3.2.2 Electrospinning
9.3.3 Multiphasic Scaffold for TE
References
10 Electrospun Bio-Nanofibers for Water Purification
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrospinning
10.2.1 Influencing Parameters
10.3 Electrospun Bio-Fibers
10.4 Electrospun Bio-Fiber Membranes for Water Treatment
10.4.1 Cellulose and Its Derivatives Based Bio-Nanofibers
10.4.2 Chitin Based Bio-Nanofibers
10.5 Future Perspectives
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Electrospun Bio Nanofibers for Energy Storage Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrospun Bionanofibers for Supercapacitor Applications
11.3 Electrospun Bionanofibers for Battery Applications
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers for Flexible Electronic Devices
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electrospinning Technique
12.2.1 Coaxial/core–shell Electrospinning
12.2.2 Near-Field Electrospinning
12.2.3 Double Conjugate Electrospinning
12.3 Polymers Utilized in Electrospinning Technique
12.3.1 Natural and Synthetic Polymers
12.3.1.1 Silk
12.3.1.2 Chitosan
12.3.1.3 Collagen
12.3.1.4 Gelatin
12.3.1.5 Fibrinogen
12.3.2 PVDF and Copolymers
12.4 Applications in Flexible Electronics
12.4.1 Conductors
12.4.1.1 Non-Transparent Conductors
12.4.1.2 Transparent Electrodes
12.4.2 Sensor Applications
12.4.2.1 Pressure Sensor
12.4.2.2 Strain Sensor
12.4.3 Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices
12.4.3.1 Flexible Nanogenerators
12.4.3.2 Flexible Supercapacitors
12.4.3.3 Flexible Batteries
12.4.4 Applications in Health Monitoring
12.4.4.1 Human Body Motion Monitoring
12.4.4.2 Heartbeat and Respiratory Signal Monitoring
12.4.4.3 Electronic Skin
12.4.5 Other Applications
12.5 Conclusion
12.6 Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
13 Electrospun Bio Nanofibers for COVID-19 Solutions
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electrospinning
13.3 Bionanofibers
13.3.1 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF)
13.3.2 Chitin Nanofibers
13.3.3 Other Bionanofibers
13.4 Electrospun Bionanofibers
13.5 Electrospun Bionanofibers Against Covid 19 as Respiratory Protection Materials
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14 Electrospun Bio Nanofibers for Air Purification Applications
14.1 Air Pollution
14.2 The Need for the Reduction of Air Pollution
14.3 The Air Filtration Mechanism and Fiber Filters
14.3.1 Sieve Effect
14.3.2 Impaction
14.3.3 Interception
14.3.4 Diffusion
14.4 Electrospinning and Nanofibers
14.4.1 Basic Electrospinning Techniques
14.4.1.1 Solution Electrospinning
14.4.1.2 Melt Electrospinning
14.4.2 Bio Nanofibers and Green Electrospinning
14.4.2.1 Biodegradable Polymer Materials
14.4.2.2 Air Purification By Biofibers Obtained From Electrospinning Natural Polymers
14.4.2.3 Air Purification By Biofibers Obtained From the Electrospinning of Synthetic Polymers
14.4.3 Green Solvent Solutions
14.4.4 Solvent Free Electrospinning
14.4.4.1 Melt Electrospinning
14.4.4.2 Anion-Curing Electrospinning
14.4.4.3 Thermo-Curing Electrospinning
14.4.4.4 UV-Curing Electrospinning [57]
14.5 Applications in the Air Filtration Domain
14.5.1 Fabrication of Facial Masks
14.5.1.1 Disadvantages of Conventional Masks and the Need for Ultrafine Fibers
14.5.1.2 Fabrication of Ultrafine Fiber Mats
14.5.2 Application in Other Protective Clothing
14.6 Future Prospects
References
15 Electrospinning Lab to Industry for Fabrication of Devices
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Needle and Needleless Electrospinning Systems
15.3 High Throughput Electrospinning Machine Designs
15.4 Mass Production By Needle Electrospinning
15.4.1 Single-Needle Electrospinning
15.4.2 Multi-Needle Electrospinning
15.5 Mass Production By Needleless Electrospinning
15.5.1 Needle-Less Electrospinning With Static Spinnerets
15.5.2 Needle-Less Electrospinning With Moving Spinnerets
15.6 Mass Production By Force Electrospinning
15.7 Mass Production By Bubble Electrospinning
15.8 Mass Production By Melt Electrospinning
15.9 Challenges in Scaling Up the Electrospinning Process
15.10 Conclusion
References
Index