Electrophysiology of Vision: Clinical Testing and Applications

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 9
Contents......Page 10
CLINICAL USE OF FULL-FIELD ERG......Page 18
CLINICAL RECORDING OF FULL-FIELD ERG Scotopic and Photopic Recordings......Page 23
Full-Field ERG Flash Stimulus......Page 24
ERG Electrodes......Page 25
System and Patient Set-Up......Page 29
Five Standard Full-Field ERG Responses......Page 30
Evaluating ERG Responses and Measuring Amplitudes and Implicit Times......Page 33
Recognizing Recording Noise and Artifacts......Page 34
PHYSIOLOGIC ORIGIN OF THE FULL-FIELD ERG......Page 37
PI, PII, and PIII Potentials......Page 38
Scotopic Combined Rod–Cone Response: Physiologic Origin......Page 39
Oscillatory Potentials: Physiologic Origin......Page 40
NEGATIVE ERG—SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF b-WAVE......Page 41
ADVANCED CLINICAL FULL-FIELD ERG TOPICS Chromatic Stimulus ERG—Isolated Rod, Cone, and S-Cone Responses and x-Wave......Page 42
Intensity–Response Function: Naka–Rushton Function and Photopic Hill......Page 47
Leading Edge of a-Wave as a Measure of Phototransduction in Photoreceptors......Page 52
Long-Duration Flash ERG: ON and OFF Pathways, d-Wave and i-Wave......Page 54
SPECIALIZED ERG RECORDINGS AND WAVEFORMS Early Receptor Potential (ERP)......Page 55
Scotopic Threshold Response (STR)......Page 57
c-Wave......Page 58
ERG Responses During Dark and Light Adaptation......Page 62
Photoreceptor Distribution......Page 64
Photoreceptor Structure and Renewal......Page 65
Initial Photoreceptor Response to Light......Page 66
Phototransduction......Page 67
Transmission and Processing of Visual Signals from the Photoreceptors......Page 69
Receptive Fields and ON- and OFF-Responses......Page 71
Processing of Photoreceptor Signals in the Inner Retina......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 74
2 Focal and Multifocal Electroretinogram......Page 82
FOCAL ELECTRORETINOGRAM......Page 84
MULTIFOCAL ELECTRORETINOGRAM......Page 85
MULTIFOCAL ERG RECORDING ENVIRONMENT AND PATIENT SET-UP......Page 87
RECORDING MULTIFOCAL ERG......Page 88
FIRST-ORDER ‘‘RESPONSE’’ OF MULTIFOCAL ERG......Page 91
DISPLAYING MULTIFOCAL ERG RESULTS......Page 95
PHYSIOLOGIC BLIND SPOT IN MULTIFOCAL ERG......Page 96
SECOND-ORDER ‘‘RESPONSE’’ OF THE MULTIFOCAL ERG......Page 98
SPECIALIZED MULTIFOCAL ERG TECHNIQUES AND WAVEFORMS......Page 100
Other Specialized Techniques......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 105
CLINICAL UTILITY OF PATTERN ERG......Page 108
BASIC CONCEPTS AND PHYSIOLOGIC ORIGINS OF PATTERN ERG......Page 110
CLINICAL RECORDING OF PATTERN ERG......Page 115
REFERENCES......Page 118
PHYSIOLOGIC ORIGINS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EOG......Page 122
CLINICAL EOG RECORDING—PATIENT SET-UP......Page 128
OBTAINING LIGHT PEAK AND DARK TROUGH EOG AMPLITUDES......Page 131
EOG AMPLITUDE RATIO—ARDEN RATIO......Page 133
REPORTING THE EOG RESULT......Page 134
FAST OSCILLATIONS OF THE EOG......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
CLINICAL UTILITY OF VEP......Page 140
Clinical VEP Recording......Page 148
VEP Electrode Placement......Page 149
Pattern Reversal VEP......Page 150
Pattern Onset=Offset VEP......Page 152
Flash VEP......Page 154
SPECIALIZED VEP TECHNIQUES Sweep VEP......Page 156
Physiologic Origins of VEP......Page 144
Multifocal VEP......Page 158
Binocular Beat VEP......Page 160
Motion VEP......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 163
6 Maturation, Aging, and Testing in Infants......Page 168
Maturation of ERG......Page 169
Maturation of VEP......Page 171
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TESTING IN INFANTS......Page 173
ESTIMATING VISUAL ACUITY IN INFANTS......Page 176
AMBLYOPIA......Page 182
Aging Effects on Full-Field ERG......Page 184
Aging Effects on Focal and Multifocal ERG......Page 186
Aging Effects on EOG......Page 187
Aging Effects on VEP......Page 188
GENDER......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF VISUAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TESTS......Page 202
DISEASE CLASSIFICATION......Page 205
8 Retinitis Pigmentosa and Pigmentary Retinopathies......Page 208
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (ROD–CONE DYSTROPHY)......Page 209
Full-Field ERG Findings in RP......Page 211
Correlation of ERG and Visual Fields in RP......Page 214
Use of ERG in Clinical Treatment Trial of RP......Page 215
Sector RP......Page 216
Negative ERG in RP......Page 218
VEP in RP......Page 219
LEBER CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS......Page 220
USHER SYNDROME......Page 221
BARDET–BIEDL SYNDROME......Page 223
REFSUM SYNDROME......Page 225
ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA (BASSEN–KORNZWEIG SYNDROME)......Page 226
NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS......Page 227
KEARNS–SAYRE SYNDROME: MITOCHONDRIAL RETINOPATHY......Page 230
SYPHILITIC RETINOPATHY......Page 231
ENHANCED S-CONE SYNDROME......Page 232
GOLDMANN–FAVRE SYNDROME......Page 235
CONE–ROD DYSTROPHY......Page 236
ALSTRO ¨ M SYNDROME......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
9 Stationary Night Blindness and Stationary Cone Dysfunction Disorders......Page 260
STATIONARY NIGHT BLINDNESS DISORDERS Congenital Stationary Night Blindness......Page 261
Fundus Albipunctatus......Page 273
Oguchi Disease......Page 276
STATIONARY CONE DYSFUNCTION DISORDERS Hereditary Congenital Color Vision Deficiencies......Page 278
Rod Monochromatism (Autosomal Recessive Achromatopsia)......Page 279
Blue Cone Monochromatism (X-Linked Incomplete Achromatopsia)......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 283
10 Macular Disorders......Page 294
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION......Page 295
MACULAR DEGENERATION—AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT, RECESSIVE......Page 296
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY......Page 297
DOYNE HONEYCOMB RETINAL DYSTROPHY=MALATTIA LEVENTINESE......Page 300
STARGARDT MACULAR DYSTROPHY— FUNDUS FLAVIMACULATUS......Page 301
BEST VITELLIFORM MACULAR DYSTROPHY......Page 307
CONE DYSTROPHY......Page 310
CENTRAL CONE DYSTROPHY (OCCULT MACULAR DYSTROPHY)......Page 312
CONE DYSTROPHY WITH SUPERNORMAL AND DELAYED ROD ERG (SUPERNORMAL AND DELAYED ROD ERG SYNDROME)......Page 314
SORSBY FUNDUS DYSTROPHY......Page 315
PATTERN DYSTROPHY......Page 319
X-LINKED RETINOSCHISIS......Page 320
CENTRAL AREOLAR CHOROIDAL DYSTROPHY......Page 324
NORTH CAROLINA MACULAR DYSTROPHY (CENTRAL AREOLAR PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DYSTROPHY)......Page 325
FENESTRATED SHEEN MACULAR DYSTROPHY......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
CHOROIDEREMIA......Page 348
GYRATE ATROPHY......Page 351
HEREDITARY CHOROIDAL ATROPHY......Page 353
HELICOID PERIPAPILLARY CHORIORETINAL DEGENERATION......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 356
12 Vitreoretinal Disorders......Page 360
STICKLER SYNDROME......Page 361
WAGNER VITREORETINOPATHY......Page 362
FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY......Page 363
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT NEOVASCULAR INFLAMMATORY VITREORETINOPATHY......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
13 Inflammatory and Immune-Related Ocular Disorders......Page 368
INFLAMMATORY RETINAL DISORDERS Uveitis (Non-Specific Intraocular Inflammation)......Page 369
Behc¸et Disease......Page 370
Sympathetic Ophthalmia......Page 371
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy......Page 372
Serpiginous Choroiditis......Page 373
Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy (Vitiligenous Chorioretinitis)......Page 374
ZONAL INFLAMMATORY RETINAL DISORDERS......Page 377
Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy......Page 378
Multiple Evanescent White-Dot Syndrome......Page 380
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy......Page 381
Multifocal Choroiditis......Page 382
Punctate Inner Choroidopathy......Page 383
Cancer-Associated Retinopathy......Page 384
Recoverin-Associated Retinopathy and Autoimmune Retinopathy without Cancer......Page 385
Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy......Page 386
REFERENCES......Page 387
14 Ocular Vascular Disorders......Page 394
VASCULAR OCCLUSIONS......Page 396
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion......Page 397
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion......Page 400
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion......Page 408
OTHER PROLIFERATIVE NEOVASCULAR DISORDERS Retinopathy of Prematurity......Page 409
Diabetes Retinopathy......Page 410
Sickle Cell Retinopathy......Page 413
OTHER OCULAR VASCULAR DISORDERS Hypertensive Retinopathy......Page 414
REFERENCES......Page 416
15 Nutritional, Toxic, and Pharmacologic Effects......Page 424
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY......Page 425
NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHY......Page 427
METALLIC INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODIES— OCULAR SIDEROSIS......Page 428
METHANOL POISONING......Page 431
CHLOROQUINE=HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE......Page 432
THIORIDAZINE (MELLARIL), CHLORPROMAZINE, AND OTHER PHENOTHIAZINES......Page 436
QUININE......Page 438
DEFEROXAMINE (DESFERRIOXAMINE)......Page 442
VIGABATRIN......Page 445
SILDENAFIL (VIAGRA......Page 448
GENTAMICIN......Page 449
ETHAMBUTOL......Page 450
CISPLATIN......Page 451
REFERENCES......Page 452
16 Non-Organic Visual Loss and Other Ocular and Systemic Disorders......Page 466
NON-ORGANIC VISUAL LOSS......Page 467
OCULAR DISORDERS Hyperopia, Myopia, and Myopic Retinal Degeneration......Page 469
Cataract and Media Opacities......Page 470
Retinal Detachment......Page 472
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome......Page 474
Thyroid Dysfunction......Page 475
Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies......Page 476
Myotonic Dystrophy......Page 477
Albinism......Page 478
REFERENCES......Page 481
17 Optic Neuropathies and Central Nervous System Disorders......Page 490
OPTIC NEUROPATHIES Glaucoma......Page 491
Optic Neuritis=Multiple Sclerosis......Page 495
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy......Page 499
Papilledema......Page 500
Compression of Optic Nerve or Chiasm......Page 501
Optic Nerve Head Drusen......Page 502
Hereditary Optic Neuropathies......Page 503
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS Cortical Blindness......Page 504
Spinocerebellar Ataxia, Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, and Friedreich Ataxia......Page 505
Alzheimer Disease......Page 506
Parkinson Disease......Page 507
REFERENCES......Page 508
Index......Page 524
Back cover......Page 532