In writing this book, the authors have been motivated by the growing
interest in a unified approach to material science. Since the properties of
materials are chiefly determined by their atomic composition and the nature
of the atomic aggregation, it is reasonable to say that they are controlled
by the crystal structure in crystalline materials. The interplay of structure
and properties, however, can be expressed in essentially two ways.
One is to relate the structural features to the observed properties in a
phenomenological way. The other is to make use of mathematical
theories developed mainly with the aid of statistical mechanics and
quantum mechanics to describe the behavior of materials under the
influence of various forces. This book attempts to combine both
approaches to discuss those properties of materials that are chiefly
determined by electronic processes in materials.
Author(s): Leonid V. Azaroff; James J. Brophy
Edition: 1
Publisher: McGraw-Hill
Year: 1963
Language: English
Pages: 0
Chapter 1. STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 1
Periodicity in crystals. Representation of planes. Symmetry elements.
Symmetry groups. Classification of crystals. Equivalent positions in a
unit cell.
THE CLOSEST PACKINGS OF SPHERES 17
Hexagonal and cubic closest packings. Body-centered cubic packing. Voids
in closest packings. Voids in body-centered cubic packing.
ATOMIC PACKINGS IN CRYSTALS 25
Effect of atomic size. Common crystal-structure types. Variations in
atomic packings.
Chapter 2. DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS 35
ELEMENTARY DIFFRACTION THEORY 36
Bragg law. Diffraction intensities. Determination of unit-cell contents.
Determination of atomic arrays. Reciprocal-lattice concept.
THE POWDER METHOD 47
Experimental arrangement. Determination of unit-cell dimensions. Identi
fication of unknown crystals.
SINGLE-CRYSTAL METHODS 52
Rotating-crystal method. Moving-film methods. The Laue method.
PREFERRED ORIENTATION STUDIES 66
Wire texture. Sheet texture. Organic texture.
Chapter 3. QUANTUM MECHANICS 61
ELEMENTS OF THEORY 81
Bohr atom. Introduction to wave mechanics. Schrddinger theory. Uncer
tainty principle. Quantum numbers. Pauli exclusion principle.
APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 76
Hydrogen atom. X-ray spectra. Periodic table.
Chapter 4. ATOMIC BONDING 94
BOND TYPES 95
Forces between atoms. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Metallic bond. Van
der Waals bond.
COHESION IN CRYSTALS . 106
Quantum-mechanical approach. Covalent crystals. Ionic crystals. Metal
lic crystals.
Chapters. STATISTICAL MECHANICS 123
ELEMENTS OF THEORY 124
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Fermi-Dirac statistics.
APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS 133
Kinetic energy of a free particle. Specific-heat theories. Imperfections in
crystals.
Chapter 6. FREE-ELECTRON THEORY 146
EARLY THEORIES 146
Drude-Lorentz theory. Applications of classical theory.
SOMMERFELD THEORY 148
Quantum mechanics. Momentum space. Fermi-Dirac distribution.
APPLICATIONS OF THE FREE-ELECTRON THEORY .... 156
Electrical conductivity in metals. Electrical conductivity in alloys. Ther
mal conductivity. Electronic specific heat.
Chapter?. ZONE THEORY 166
ELEMENTS OF THEORY 166
Kronig-Penney model. Allowed-energy zones. Brillouin zones, k space.
Fermi surfaces. Density of states.
APPLICATIONS OF ZONE THEORY 179
Energy levels in atoms and solids. Conductors and nonconductors. Crystal
structure. Transition metals and alloys. Superconductivity.
Chapter 8. THEORY OF SEMICONDUCTORS .... 194
BAND MODEL OF SEMICONDUCTORS 195
Energy bands. Effective density of states. Intrinsic semiconductors. Con
duction by electrons and holes.
EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS 203
Impurity levels. Position of Fermi level. Carrier concentration. Hall
effect.
MOBILITY OF CURRENT CARRIERS 213
Drift velocity. Scattering by phonons. Impurity scattering. Diffusion
constant.
MINORITY-CARRIER LIFETIME 219
Recombination processes. Diffusion length. Carrier fluctuations.
SURFACES 223
Surface states. Space-charge layers. Slow and fast states.
CONTACTS 227
Rectifying contacts. Ohmic contacts. The rectifier equation. Injection.
THERMOELECTRICITY 233
Peltier effect. Seebeck effect. Intrinsic thermoelectric power.
Chapter 9. SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS .... 238
ELEMENTAL SEMICONDUCTORS 239
Group IV materials. Chemical doping. Silicon carbide. Graphite, Se,
and Te.
INTERMETALLIC III-V COMPOUNDS 247
General properties. Gallium arsenide. Indium antimonide. Isomorphous
systems.
COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 252
Cadmium sulfide, selenide, and telluride. Lead sulfide, selenide, and telluride.
Other compounds.
OXIDES 257
Simple oxides: ZnO and MgO. Transition-metal oxides.
ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 261
Molecular crystals. Polymers.
CRYSTAL PREPARATION 263
Growth from the melt. Zone melting.
Chapter 10. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 268
THEORY OF p-n JUNCTIONS 269
Structure of p-n junction. The rectifier equation. Minority-carrier injection.
Junction capacitance.
p-n JUNCTION DEVICES 277
Rectifiers. Photocells. Solar batteries. Tunnel diodes.
TRANSISTORS 285
Theory of junction transistors. Transistor characteristics. Grounded
emitter amplifier. Transistor types.
HOMOGENEOUS DEVICES 294
Photoconductors. Thermoelectric cooling. Hall-effect devices. Ther
mistors.
MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES 300
Modular electronics. Space-charge-limited devices.
Chapter 11. ELECTRON EMISSION 305
EFFECTS AT METAL SURFACES 306
Work function. Surface-potential barrier. Contact potential.
THERMIONIC EMISSION 311
Richardson- Dush man equation. Thermionic-emission constants. Sehottky
effect. Thermionic emission from semiconductors.
FIELD EMISSION 318
Fowler-Nordheim equation. Field-electron microscope. Field-ion micro
scope. Tunneling in insulators.
SECONDARY EMISSION 326
Secondary yield. Universal yield curve. Secondary-electron energies.
Secondary multipliers.
PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION 331
Einstein photoelectric equation. Fowler theory. Fowler plots. Emission
from insulators.
Chapter 12. DIELECTRIC PROCESSES 338
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 339
Electrostatic relations. Polarization density. Atomic polarizability.
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT 345
Static dielectric constant. Temperature dependence. Frequency depend
ence.
ELECTRICAL PROCESSES 351
Piezoelectricity. Ferroelectricity. Ionic conductivity. Electric break
down.
Chapter 13. MAGNETIC PROCESSES 372
ATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 374
Zeeman effect. Magnetic gyroscopes.
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 378
Diamagnetism. Paramagnetism.
FERROMAGNETISM 384
Exchange interactions. Domain structure. Ferromagnetic materials.
OTHER TYPES OF MAGNETISM 395
Exchange interactions. Antiferromagnetism. Ferrimagnetism and ferrites.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE 402
Paramagnetic resonance. Ferromagnetic resonance. Cyclotron resonance.
Chapter 14. OPTICAL PROCESSES 408
ABSORPTION OF LIGHT 410
Metals. Semiconductors. Insulators.
COLOR CENTERS 418
F centers. Other kinds of centers. Photographic process.
EMISSION OF LIGHT 423
Luminescence. Phosphors. Stimulated emission.
TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT . . 432
Refraction. Birefringence
Appendix 1. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 442
Appendix 2. SYSTEMS OF UNITS 444
Appendix 3. ATOMIC RADII 446
Appendix 4. PERIODIC CHART OF THE ELEMENTS . . 451
