Based on familiar circuit theory and basic physics, this book serves as an invaluable reference for both analog and digital engineers alike. For those who work with analog RF, this book is a must-have resource. With computers and networking equipment of the 21st century running at such high frequencies, it is now crucial for digital designers to understand electromagnetic fields, radiation and transmission lines. This knowledge is necessary for maintaining signal integrity and achieving EMC compliance. Since many digital designers are lacking in analog design skills, let alone electromagnetics, an easy-to-read but informative book on electromagnetic topics should be considered a welcome addition to their professional libraries. Covers topics using conceptual explanations and over 150 lucid figures, in place of complex mathematicsDemystifies antennas, waveguides, and transmission line phenomenaProvides the foundation necessary to thoroughly understand signal integrity issues associated with high-speed digital design
Author(s): Ron Schmitt Former Director of Electrical Engineering Sensor Research and Development Corp. Orono Maine
Series: EDN Series for Design Engineers
Edition: 1
Publisher: Newnes
Year: 2002
Language: English
Pages: 376
City: Amsterdam ; Boston
PREFACE......Page 11
SUGGESTED AUDIENCE AND GUIDE FOR USE......Page 12
PARTING NOTES......Page 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 15
1.1 THE NEED FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS......Page 17
1.2 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM......Page 19
1.4 THE FINITE SPEED OF LIGHT......Page 24
1.5 ELECTRONICS......Page 25
1.7 RF TECHNIQUES......Page 28
1.9 INFRARED AND THE ELECTRONIC SPEED LIMIT......Page 32
1.10 VISIBLE LIGHT AND BEYOND......Page 34
1.11 LASERS AND PHOTONICS......Page 36
1.12 SUMMARY......Page 37
1.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GENERAL TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 1......Page 38
1.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY: STATE-OF-THE-ART ELECTRONICS......Page 39
2.1 THE ELECTRIC FORCE FIELD......Page 41
2.2 OTHER TYPES OF FIELDS......Page 42
2.3 VOLTAGE AND POTENTIAL ENERGY......Page 44
2.4 CHARGES IN METALS......Page 46
2.5 THE DEFINITION OF RESISTANCE......Page 48
2.6 ELECTRONS AND HOLES......Page 49
2.7 ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION AND CAPACITANCE......Page 50
2.8 INSULATORS (DIELECTRICS)......Page 54
2.9 STATIC ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTNING......Page 55
2.10 THE BATTERY REVISITED......Page 61
2.12 CONDUCTIVITY AND PERMITTIVITY OF COMMON MATERIALS......Page 63
2.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY: ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CONDUCTION......Page 64
2.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY: STATIC ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTNING......Page 65
3.1 MOVING CHARGES: SOURCE OF ALL MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 67
3.2 MAGNETIC DIPOLES......Page 69
The Dipole......Page 72
The Moving Charge......Page 75
Currents......Page 79
3.4 THE VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL MOMENTUM......Page 84
Diamagnetism......Page 85
Paramagnetism......Page 86
Ferromagnetism and Magnets......Page 87
Summary of Magnetic Materials......Page 88
3.6 MAGNETISM AND QUANTUM PHYSICS......Page 89
3.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 90
4.1 CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELDS AND LENZ'S LAW......Page 91
4.3 INDUCTORS......Page 92
Discharging an Inductor......Page 93
4.4 AC CIRCUITS, IMPEDANCE, AND REACTANCE......Page 94
4.5 RELAYS, DOORBELLS, AND PHONE RINGERS......Page 95
4.7 GENERATORS AND MICROPHONES......Page 96
Transformer and Inductor Cores......Page 97
4.10 WHEN TO GAP YOUR CORES......Page 98
4.11 FERRITES: THE FRIENDS OF RF, HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL, AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERS......Page 99
4.12 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND THE DISPLACEMENT CURRENT......Page 100
And Maxwell Said, 'Let There Be Light'......Page 101
4.13 PERPETUAL MOTION......Page 102
4.14 WHAT ABOUT D AND H? THE CONSTITUITIVE RELATIONS......Page 103
4.15 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 104
5.1 STORAGE FIELDS VERSUS RADIATION FIELDS......Page 105
5.2 ELECTRICAL LENGTH......Page 107
Circuits That Store and Transport Energy......Page 108
Circuits That Radiate......Page 109
5.3 THE FIELD OF A STATIC CHARGE......Page 110
5.5 THE FIELD OF AN ACCELERATING CHARGE......Page 112
5.7 THE UNIVERSAL ORIGIN OF RADIATION......Page 114
5.9 THE FIELD OF A DIRECT CURRENT......Page 115
5.10 THE FIELD OF AN ALTERNATING CURRENT......Page 118
5.11 NEAR AND FAR FIELD......Page 121
5.12 THE FRAUNHOFER AND FRESNEL ZONES......Page 123
5.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 124
6 RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM PHYSICS......Page 127
The EarthÌs Waveguide......Page 0
The Speed of Light Is Always the Same, or "c+v=c"......Page 130
6.2 SPACE AND TIME ARE RELATIVE......Page 131
Simultaneity Is Relative......Page 133
Lorentz Contraction of Length......Page 134
6.4 THE COSMIC SPEED LIMIT AND PROPER VELOCITY......Page 136
Space-Time, Momentum-Energy, and Other Four-Vectors......Page 139
Even a Stationary Charge Has a Magnetic Field......Page 140
6.6 THE LIMITS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS......Page 141
6.7 QUANTUM PHYSICS AND THE BIRTH OF THE PHOTON......Page 142
Quantum Strangeness......Page 143
Particles Are also Waves......Page 144
The Uncertainty Principle......Page 145
6.8 THE QUANTUM VACUUM AND VIRTUAL PHOTONS......Page 146
6.9 QED......Page 147
6.11 THE FUTURE OF ELECTROMAGNETICS......Page 149
6.12 RELATIVITY, QUANTUM PHYSICS, AND BEYOND......Page 150
6.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 151
7.1 THE NON-IDEAL RESISTOR......Page 155
7.2 THE NON-IDEAL CAPACITOR......Page 158
7.3 THE NON-IDEAL INDUCTOR......Page 159
7.4 NON-IDEAL WIRES AND TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 162
7.5 OTHER COMPONENTS......Page 165
7.7 RF COUPLING AND RF CHOKES......Page 166
7.8 COMPONENT SELECTION GUIDE......Page 167
7.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 168
8.1 THE CIRCUIT MODEL......Page 169
8.2 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE......Page 171
8.3 THE WAVEGUIDE MODEL......Page 173
8.5 REFLECTIONS......Page 175
8.6 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER......Page 177
8.7 DIGITAL SIGNALS AND THE EFFECTS OF RISE TIME......Page 179
8.8 ANALOG SIGNALS AND THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY......Page 181
8.9 IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMING PROPERTIES......Page 183
8.10 IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOR DIGITAL SYSTEMS......Page 187
8.11 IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOR RF SYSTEMS......Page 188
8.12 MAXIMUM LOAD POWER......Page 189
Why 50 Ohms?......Page 190
8.13 MEASURING CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE: TDRS......Page 191
8.14 STANDING WAVES......Page 193
8.15 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 194
9 WAVEGUIDES AND SHIELDS......Page 197
9.1 REFLECTION OF RADIATION AT MATERIAL BOUNDARIES......Page 198
9.2 THE SKIN EFFECT......Page 199
9.3 SHIELDING IN THE FAR FIELD......Page 200
The Effect of Holes in the Shield......Page 202
Mesh Shields and Faraday Cages......Page 204
Gaskets......Page 205
9.5 WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS GROUND A SHIELD......Page 206
9.6 NEAR FIELD SHIELDING OF MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 207
9.7 WAVEGUIDES......Page 210
Cutoff Frequency......Page 211
Multipath Transmission......Page 212
Waveguide Modes......Page 213
Waveguide Modes on Transmission Lines......Page 215
Antennas for Waveguides......Page 218
Evanescent Waves and Tunneling......Page 219
9.9 FIBER OPTICS......Page 220
9.10 LASERS AND LAMPS......Page 221
Waveguides......Page 222
Wave Propagation on Earth and in the Atmosphere......Page 223
10 CIRCUITS AS GUIDES FOR WAVES AND S- PARAMETERS......Page 225
10.1 SURFACE WAVES......Page 226
10.2 SURFACE WAVES ON WIRES......Page 229
10.3 COUPLED SURFACE WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 230
How a Transmission Line Really Works......Page 231
10.4 LUMPED ELEMENT CIRCUITS VERSUS DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS......Page 233
10.5 8 TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 234
10.6 S-PARAMETERS: A TECHNIQUE FOR ALL FREQUENCIES......Page 235
10.7 THE VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER......Page 239
Surface Waves......Page 241
Vector Network Analyzers and VNA Calibration......Page 242
Microwave Engineering and Distributed Circuits......Page 243
RF, Microwave Circuit, and Electromagnetic Simulation Software......Page 244
11.1 THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE......Page 245
11.3 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE......Page 246
11.5 RADIATION RESISTANCE OF DIPOLE ANTENNAS......Page 247
11.6 FEEDING IMPEDANCE AND ANTENNA MATCHING......Page 248
11.7 ANTENNA PATTERN VERSUS ELECTRICAL LENGTH......Page 252
11.8 POLARIZATION......Page 255
The Indoor FM Radio Antenna......Page 256
The 4 Monopole Antenna......Page 257
The 5/8 Monopole Antenna......Page 259
11.10 WIRE LOSSES......Page 260
11.11 SCATTERING BY ANTENNAS, ANTENNA APERTURE, AND RADAR CROSS- SECTION......Page 261
11.13 TRAVELING WAVE ANTENNAS......Page 262
11.14 ANTENNAS IN PARALLEL AND THE FOLDED DIPOLE......Page 264
11.15 MULTITURN LOOP ANTENNAS......Page 265
11.16 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 266
12.1 SELF-COMPATIBILITY AND SIGNAL INTEGRITY......Page 267
12.2 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF DIGITAL SIGNALS......Page 268
12.3 CONDUCTED VERSUS INDUCED VERSUS RADIATED INTERFERENCE......Page 271
12.4 CROSSTALK......Page 273
12.5 CIRCUIT LAYOUT......Page 275
12.6 PCB TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 276
12.7 THE PATH OF LEAST IMPEDANCE......Page 278
12.8 THE FUNDAMENTAL RULE OF LAYOUT......Page 280
12.9 SHIELDING ON PCBS......Page 281
12.10 COMMON IMPEDANCE: GROUND RISE AND GROUND BOUNCE......Page 283
12.12 DISTRIBUTED GROUNDS FOR HIGH FREQUENCY: THE 5/ 5 RULE......Page 285
12.13 TREE OR HYBRID GROUNDS......Page 286
12.14 POWER SUPPLY DECOUPLING: PROBLEMS AND TECHNIQUES......Page 287
12.15 POWER SUPPLY DECOUPLING: THE DESIGN PROCESS......Page 294
Local Decoupling......Page 297
12.18 90 DEGREE TURNS AND CHAMFERED CORNERS......Page 298
12.19 LAYOUT OF TRANSMISSION LINE TERMINATIONS......Page 299
12.20 ROUTING OF SIGNALS: GROUND PLANES, IMAGE PLANES, AND PCB STACKUP......Page 301
12.22 LAYOUT MISCELLANY......Page 302
12.24 GROUND LOOPS (MULTIPLE RETURN PATHS)......Page 303
12.25 DIFFERENTIAL MODE AND COMMON MODE RADIATION......Page 306
12.26 CABLE SHIELDING......Page 312
Coaxial Cables Below the Break Frequency......Page 313
Break Frequency......Page 314
Skin Depth and Transfer Impedance......Page 315
Ribbon Cables......Page 316
Twisted Pair Cables......Page 317
Single-Ended versus Balanced Signaling*......Page 318
12.27 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 319
13.1 REFLECTING DISHES......Page 323
13.2 LENSES......Page 327
13.3 IMAGING......Page 329
Imaging Resolution......Page 331
13.4 ELECTRONIC IMAGING AND ANTENNA ARRAYS......Page 332
13.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 335
14.1 DIFFRACTION AND ELECTRICAL SIZE......Page 337
14.2 HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE......Page 339
14.3 BABINET'S PRINCIPLE......Page 340
14.4 FRAUNHOFER AND FRESNEL DIFFRACTION......Page 341
14.5 RADIO PROPAGATION......Page 342
14.6 CONTINUOUS MEDIA......Page 343
14.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 344
Conductors and Dielectrics......Page 347
Dielectrics......Page 350
15.2 HEAT RADIATION......Page 354
Radiated Thermal Noise......Page 358
15.4 CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE OVENS......Page 359
15.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 362
Practical Tips for Analog Design......Page 365
RF Engineering......Page 366
Physics......Page 367
INDEX......Page 369
