This book offers the first comprehensive coverage of microwave medical imaging, with a special focus on the development of novel devices and methods for different applications in both the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Upon introducing the fundamentals of electromagnetic imaging, it guides the readers to their use in practice by providing extensive information on the corresponding measurement and testing techniques. In turn, it discusses current challenges in data processing and analysis, presenting effective, novel solutions, developed by different research groups. It also describes state-of-the-art medical devices, which were designed for specific applications, such as brain stroke monitoring, lymph node diagnosis, image-guided hyperthermia, and chemotherapy response monitoring. The chapters, which report on the results of the EU-funded project EMERALD (ElectroMagnetic imaging for a novel genERation of medicAL Devices) are written by leading European engineering groups in electromagnetic medical imaging, whose coordinated action is expected to accelerate the translation of this technology “from research bench to patient bedside”. All in all, this book offers an authoritative guide to microwave imaging, with a special focus on medical imaging, for electrical and biomedical engineers, and applied physicists and mathematicians. It is also intended to inform medical doctors and imaging technicians on the state-of-the-art in non-invasive imaging technologies, at the purpose of inspiring and fostering the translation of research into clinical prototypes, by promoting a stronger collaboration between academic institutions, industrial partners, hospitals, and university medical centers.
Author(s): Francesca Vipiana, Lorenzo Crocco
Series: Lecture Notes in Bioengineering
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 367
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Standardized Phantoms
1 Introduction
2 Development of Anthropomorphic Printable Cavities
2.1 3D Printing for Medical Application
2.2 Modeling and Printing 3D Cavities
2.3 Head Phantoms Designed for POLITO System
2.4 Axillary Phantom Designed for FCUL Microwave Imaging System
2.5 Liver Phantom Designed for CNR-IREA System
3 Tissue Mimicking Materials’ (TMMs) Fabrication
3.1 Gabriel Reference Data
3.2 Tissue Model with a Binary Mixture Law
3.3 Optimization Code
3.4 Experimental Validation
4 Conclusions
References
Hardware Acceleration of Microwave Imaging Algorithms
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
2 Microwave Imaging System
3 Compute-Intensive Kernels in Microwave Imaging
3.1 3D FDTD
3.2 PCA Using SVD/EVD
3.3 SVM
3.4 Neural Networks
4 HLS-Based Hardware Acceleration in FPGA
5 FPGA Acceleration of 3D FDTD for Multi-antenna MWI
5.1 FPGA Design of an FDTD Compute Unit
5.2 Two Architectures: Large and Small
5.3 HLS Optimizations
5.4 FDTD Result
6 High Level Design of PCA Accelerator in FPGA
6.1 Block-Streaming for Covariance Computation
6.2 PCA Results
7 Dataflow Hardware Architecture for SVM Using HLS
7.1 Read SVM Inputs
7.2 Kernel Computation
7.3 Decision Function
7.4 SVM Results
8 Hardware Design and Optimization of Neural Networks
8.1 Multi-objective BO with Constraints (MOBOC)
8.2 Search Space
8.3 Evaluation on Neural Networks
9 Conclusions
References
Metasurface Technology for Medical Imaging
1 Introduction: Metamaterials and Metasurfaces in Medical Sensing and Imaging
2 Benefits of Employing Metasurfaces in the Design of a Scanner for Haemorrhagic Brain Stroke Detection
2.1 Microwave Brain Imaging Prototype for Brain Stroke Detection
2.2 Imaging Algorithms
2.3 Metasurface Design
2.4 Experimental Validation
2.5 Discussion
3 Enhancing Cancer Treatment Monitoring Through Metamaterial Technology
3.1 Liver Cancer: Prognosis and Treatments
3.2 Microwave Imaging System to Monitor Thermal Ablation of Liver Tumours
3.3 Metasurface Design
3.4 Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Numerical Modeling of Complex 3D Electromagnetic Scenarios for Medical Microwave Imaging
1 Introduction
2 Anthropomorphic Phantom and Phantom Libraries
2.1 Voxel Model
2.2 STL Phantom
3 Tissue Electrical Properties Library
3.1 Electrical Parameters Definition for Voxel Model
3.2 Electrical Parameters Definition for STL Model
4 Measurement System (Antenna Probes)
5 Simplification of Phantoms and Complete Numerical Scenarios
5.1 Complete Numerical Scenario with STL Phantom
5.2 Complete Numerical Scenario Using Voxel Phantom
6 MWI Algorithms
7 EM Solver
8 Accuracy Assessment and Validation: Self Convergence Strategies
8.1 Self-Convergence Testing for Electric Field
8.2 Self-Convergence Testing for Scattering Parameters
8.3 Self-Convergence Testing for Residual Parameters
9 Conclusions
References
Assessment and Validation of 2-D and 3-D DBIM-TwIST Algorithm for Brain Stroke Detection and Differentiation
1 Introduction to Microwave Medical Imaging
2 Microwave Imaging for Brain Stroke
2.1 Inverse Scattering Problems
2.2 Distorted Born Iterative Method
3 Experimental Validation of Microwave Imaging with the DBIM-TwIST Algorithm for Brain Stroke Detection and Classification
3.1 Phantoms Preparation and Characterization
3.2 Setup, Data Acquisition Process and Implementation of the Algorithm
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
4 Validation of the 3-D DBIM-TwIST Algorithm for Brain Stroke Detection and Differentiation Using a Multi-layered Anatomically Complex Head Phantom
4.1 Evaluation of the Initial Guess for Brain Stroke Detection Using Microwave Imaging
4.2 Comparison of 2-D and 3-D DBIM-TwIST for a 3-D Imaging Problem
4.3 Experimental Methodology
4.4 Results with the Zubal Phantom
5 Conclusions
References
Deep Learning Enhanced Medical Microwave Imaging
1 Introduction
2 Microwave Imaging
2.1 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Microwave Imaging
3 Deep Learning Basics
4 Deep Learning Microwave Imaging Approaches
4.1 Model Versus Learning Microwave Imaging
5 Examples of DL-Enhanced Medical MWI
5.1 Hyperthermia Treatment Monitoring
5.2 Brain Imaging
6 Conclusions
References
Towards a Microwave Imaging Device for Cerebrovascular Diseases Monitoring: from Numerical Modeling to Experimental Testing
1 Introduction
2 Microwave-Based Stroke Monitoring
2.1 Imaging Algorithm
2.2 Electromagnetic Modeling
2.3 Design of a Low-Complexity Microwave Imaging Device
3 Microwave Imaging Prototype and Experimental Setup
3.1 Antenna Array
3.2 Vector Network Analyzer
3.3 Switching Matrix
3.4 Phantoms
4 Numerical Validation
4.1 Imaging Operator
4.2 Numerical Brain Stroke Monitoring
5 Experimental Validation
6 Conclusions
References
The Dielectric Properties of Axillary Lymph Nodes
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Measurements of Lymph Nodes Using Open-Ended Coaxial-Probe
3.1 Measurement Procedure
3.2 Human Axillary Lymph Node Measurements
3.3 Animal Lymph Node Measurements
4 Estimation of Axillary Lymph Nodes Properties from MRI Exams
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Results and Discussion
5 Effects of Freezing and Defrosting Processes on Biological Tissue Dielectric Properties
5.1 Methodology and Experimental Setup
5.2 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
SAFE—Microwave Imaging Device for Breast Cancer Early Screening and Diagnostics
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Device Description
2.2 Data Acquisition
2.3 Data Evaluation
3 Results
3.1 Detection
3.2 Localization
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Microwave Ultra-Wideband Imaging for Non-invasive Temperature Monitoring During Hyperthermia Treatment
1 Introduction to Hyperthermia
1.1 Clinical Motivation
1.2 Neck Anatomy and Neck Cancer
1.3 Hyperthermia: State of Art
1.4 Temperature Monitoring During Hyperthermia
1.5 Chapter Sections Description
2 Methodology of Non-invasive Temperature Estimation
2.1 Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties
2.2 UWB Sensor Technology
2.3 Flowchart of the MWI for Temperature Monitoring
2.4 Microwave Imaging Algorithms
2.5 Tumor Temperature Estimation Approach
2.6 Microwave Hyperthermia System
3 Numerical Investigation of the Antenna Array Configurations
3.1 Influence of Water Bolus Thickness on Reflection Coefficient of the WG Antenna
3.2 Codependent Antenna Positioning in One Setup
3.3 Sensing Antenna Array Configurations
3.4 Simulative Validation of the Antenna Configurations
4 Experimental Validation
4.1 Measurement Setup
4.2 Experimental Validation of the Antenna Array Configurations
4.3 Experimental Validation of the Non-invasive Temperature Estimation Methodology
4.4 Towards EM Prototype: Design and Realization
5 Conclusions
References
An Initial Assessment of a Microwave Imaging System to Monitor Microwave Ablation Treatments
1 Introduction
2 Identification of the Microwave Imaging System Design Parameters
2.1 Study of Abdomen Tissue Properties
2.2 A Simple Model of the Abdomen
2.3 Practical Realization of the Coupling Medium
3 Antennas for the Microwave Imaging System
3.1 Antenna Design
3.2 Experimental Validation of the Antenna
4 Experimental Validation of the Microwave Imaging System
4.1 MWI Experimental Set-Up
4.2 Image Reconstruction
5 Conclusions
References
