This monograph overviews the importance of electrochemistry in the field of cultural heritage, including archaeology, conservation and restoration topics. The application of electrochemical techniques in these domains have experienced a notable growth during the last ten years, in particular with regards to the elucidation of composition, manufacturing techniques and chronology of archaeological artefacts. This book describes the application of solid state electrochemistry techniques for the use of samples at the nanogram level from paintings, metallic, ceramic, glass, glazed, wooden, and other objects, and it also includes the description of new dating procedures for archaeological objects made of these materials. It is a valuable contribution to the field of cultural heritage and will be of great interest to archaeologists, conservators and restorers as well as to physicists and chemists working on the scientific examination of works of art.
Author(s): Antonio Doménech-Carbó, María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
Series: Monographs in Electrochemistry
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 386
City: Cham
Series Editors’ Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
About the Series Editors
Abbreviations
1 Application of Instrumental Methods in the Analysis of Historical, Artistic, and Archaeological Objects
1.1 Archaeology and Conservation of Cultural Heritage
1.1.1 Archaeology, Archaeometry, and Archaeological Science
1.1.2 Conservation of Cultural Heritage
1.1.3 A Brief History of the Scientific Analysis of Cultural Heritage
1.2 Role of the Analytical Methods in Archaeometrical and Cultural Heritage Research
1.3 Information Provided by the Analytical Research
1.3.1 Analytical Information Obtained from the Object
1.3.2 Analytical Information Obtained from the Environment
1.3.3 Analytical Information Obtained from the Conservation Processes
1.4 Analytical Methodologies Applied to Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Research
1.4.1 Requirements of the Analytical Methodologies
1.4.2 Sampling Strategy
1.4.3 Preparation of Samples
1.4.4 Data Measurement and Processing
1.5 An Overview of Scientific Methods Applied in Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Research
1.5.1 Analytical Methods
1.5.2 Dating Methods
References
2 Electrochemical Processes and Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Voltammetry of Immobilized Microparticles
2.2.1 Voltammetry, General Aspects and Conventions
2.2.2 Solid-State Transformations
2.2.3 Reductive/Oxidative Dissolution Processes
2.2.4 Redox Processes with Phase Changes
2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
2.3.1 Impedance Measurements and Impedance Spectroscopy
2.3.2 Circuit Elements and Equivalent Circuits
2.4 Other Techniques
2.4.1 Combination with Non-electrochemical Techniques
2.4.2 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
2.5 A Note on Thermochemical Calculations
References
3 Voltammetry: The Essentials
3.1 General Aspects
3.2 The Electrochemical Reaction
3.3 Reversible Solution-Phase Voltammetry Under Diffusion Control
3.4 Resistive and Capacitive Effects
3.5 Deviations from Reversibility and Coupled Chemical Reactions
3.6 Voltammetry of Surface-Confined Species
3.7 Voltammetry of Oxidation/Reduction of Ion-Permeable Solids
3.8 Voltammetry of Oxidative/Reductive Dissolution Processes
3.9 Voltammetry of Solid-to-Solid Redox Transformations
3.10 Electrocatalysis
References
4 Analytical Issues
4.1 Generalities
4.2 Identification of Components
4.2.1 Voltammetric Parameters
4.2.2 Tafel-Type Analysis
4.3 Quantification
4.3.1 General Aspects
4.3.2 Voltammetric and Coulometric Quantification Strategies
4.3.3 Standard Addition Methods
4.3.4 Quantification in the Presence of Interferents
4.4 Speciation
4.5 Electrochemical Data Processing
4.5.1 Handling Electrochemical Signals
4.5.2 Bivariant and Multivariant Techniques
References
5 Pigments and Paintings I
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Identification of Inorganic Pigments
5.3 Pigment Mixtures
5.4 Identification of Organic Pigments
5.5 Pigments and Binding Media
5.6 Nanoscale Characterization and Mapping of Pictorial Components
References
6 Pigment and Paintings II
6.1 Electrochemical Characterization of Workshops
6.2 Degradation Processes; Pigment Alteration in Extreme Heritage
6.3 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Pigments: The Maya Blue Problem
References
7 Ceramic, Glass, and Glazed Materials I
7.1 Ceramic, Glass, and Glazed Heritage
7.2 Detection and Characterization of Electroactive Species
7.3 Speciation
7.4 Characterization of Archaeological Glass Sites
7.5 Glass Alteration and Dating
References
8 Ceramics, Glasses, and Glazed Materials II
8.1 Pottery, an Overview
8.2 Electrochemistry of Pottery
8.3 Characterization of Archaeological Sites
8.4 Information on Manufacturing Techniques
8.5 Impedance Analysis
8.6 Dating
References
9 Organic Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Vegetal Electrochemistry
9.3 Wooden Objects
9.4 Paper
9.5 Charcoal
9.6 Tar Pitch
9.7 Dating
References
10 Metallic Heritage: Electrochemistry of Corrosion Products
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Corrosion of Metal Objects
10.3 Identification of Metals and Corrosion Products
10.4 In-Depth Electrochemistry
10.5 Archaeometric Issues
10.6 Impedance Analysis
10.7 Gold Electrochemistry
References
11 Metallic Heritage: Electrochemistry of Metal Objects
11.1 Direct Electrochemistry of Metal Artifacts
11.2 Diagnosis
11.2.1 Polarization Curves
11.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
11.2.3 Open-Circuit Potential
11.2.4 Other Techniques
11.3 Preservation of Metallic Heritage
11.3.1 Selective Removal and Anodization
11.3.2 Protective Coatings
11.3.3 Electrochemical Treatments, Dechlorination
References
12 Electrochemical Metal Dating
12.1 Time and Electrochemistry, an Overview
12.2 Dating of Corroded Metals
12.2.1 Antecedents
12.2.2 Lead
12.2.3 Copper and Bronze
12.2.4 Leaded Bronze
12.3 Gold Dating
12.4 Prospective on Metal Dating
References
Index
