Electrocardiography in Veterinary Medicine

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Book
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
Section I: Canine
1: Cardiac Evaluation Approaches
1.1 History and Physical Examination
1.2 Blood Pressure Monitoring
1.3 Thoracic Radiography
1.3.1 Summary of Radiographic Findings in Heart Diseases
1.4 Electrocardiography
1.5 Echocardiography
1.6 Angiocardiography
1.7 Pneumopericardiography
1.8 Endomyocardial Biopsy
1.9 Central Venous Pressure (CVP) Measurement
1.10 Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
1.11 Nuclear Imaging
1.12 Cardiac Magnetic Imaging
1.13 PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
1.14 MUGA (Multiple Gated Acquisition) Scan
1.15 Cardiac Catheterization
1.16 Cardiac Biomarkers
References
Further Reading
2: Electrocardiography: Its Uses and Limitations
2.1 Electrocardiograph, Electrocardiography and Electrocardiogram
2.2 Landmarks in the Development of Electrocardiography
2.3 Application of Electrocardiography in Canine Medicine
2.4 Utility of Electrocardiography
2.5 Limitations of Electrocardiogram
2.6 The Electrocardiograph and Recording
2.6.1 Machine
2.6.2 Electrodes
2.6.3 Lead Systems
2.6.4 Electrocardiographic Paper
2.6.5 Time and Speed
2.6.6 Sensitivity
2.7 Position and Restrain of Dogs
2.8 Placement of the Electrodes
2.9 Special Features of Leads
2.10 Recording of the Electrocardiogram
2.11 Common Artifacts Observed During Electrocardiography
Further Reading
3: Generation and Shape of Electrocardiogram
3.1 What Is an Electrocardiogram (ECG)?
3.2 Electrical Activity in Cardiac Cell
3.3 Current Generation and Conduction System in the Heart
3.4 Conduction and Electrocardiogram
3.5 The Shape of the ECG
3.6 Clinical Conditions Requiring an Electrocardiographic Examination
3.7 Electrocardiographic Physiology
3.8 Measurement Details of Different Waves and Intervals in ECG
3.9 Interpretation of Normal Cardiac Waveforms
3.10 Heart Rate Variability (HR Variability)
3.11 Q-T Interval Variability
References
Further Reading
4: A Systematic Reading of an Electrocardiogram
4.1 Systematic Approach to ECG
4.2 Record Keeping
4.3 Clinical Information Obtainable from an Electrocardiogram
Reference
5: Benchmarks for Normal Electrocardiogram
5.1 Benchmarks for Normal Canine Electrocardiogram
5.2 Effect of Breeds, Age, and Sex on ECG Indices
5.3 Effect of Exercise on the Electrocardiogram
Reference
Further Reading
6: Abnormal Wave Forms, Segments, and Intervals in Electrocardiogram
References
Further Reading
7: Atrial and Ventricular Enlargement Patterns and Clinical Associations
7.1 Normal Atrial Pattern
7.1.1 Right Atrial Enlargement Pattern
7.1.2 Left Atrial Enlargement Pattern
7.1.3 Biatrial Enlargement Pattern
7.2 Normal Ventricular Pattern (Fig. 7.5)
7.2.1 Right Ventricular Enlargement Pattern
7.2.2 Left Ventricular Enlargement Pattern
7.2.3 Biventricular Enlargement Pattern
7.3 ECG Wave Enlargement Patterns and Clinical Associations
Further Reading
8: Intraventricular Conduction Abnormality and Bundle Branch Blocks
8.1 Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)
8.2 Left Anterior Fascicular Block
8.3 Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
8.4 Right Bundle Branch and Left Anterior Fascicular Block
Further Reading
9: ECG Patterns Associated with Electrolyte Imbalances, Drug Toxicities and Physical and Chemical Agents
9.1 ECG Changes Associated with Electrolyte Imbalance
9.2 ECG Changes Associated with Drug Toxicities
9.3 ECG Changes Associated with Physical and Chemical Agents
Further Reading
10: Cardiac Arrhythmias
10.1 Classification of Cardiac Arrhythmias
10.1.1 Arrhythmias due to Variation in Heart Rate
10.1.2 Arrhythmias due to Rhythm Irregularities
10.1.3 Arrhythmias due to Variation in Heart Rate as well as Rhythm Irregularities
10.1.4 Arrhythmias due to Abnormal Impulse Generation in the Seat of Origin
10.1.5 Arrhythmias due to Abnormal Impulse Conduction
10.1.6 Arrhythmias due to Abnormal Impulse Generation and Conduction
10.1.7 Arrhythmias due to Differing Pace Maker Site
10.1.8 Conduction Disturbances
10.2 Factors Precipitating Arrhythmias
10.2.1 Cardiac Factors
10.2.2 Non-cardiac Factors
10.3 Diagnostic Criteria for Arrhythmias
10.4 Electrocardiographic Features of Arrhythmias
10.5 Clinical Manifestations of Arrhythmias
10.6 Clinical Conditions Associated with Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances
10.7 Clinical Management of Arrhythmias
10.7.1 Sinus Bradycardia
10.7.2 Sinus Tachycardia
10.7.3 Sinoatrial Arrest
10.7.4 Sick Sinus Syndrome
10.7.5 Atrial and Junctional Premature Complexes
10.7.6 Atrial, Junctional, Supraventricular Tachycardia
10.7.7 Atrial Fibrillation
10.7.8 Atrial Flutter
10.7.9 Ventricular Premature Complexes
10.7.10 Ventricular Tachycardia
10.7.11 Ventricular Fibrillation
10.7.12 Atrial Standstill (Hyperkalemia)
10.7.13 Persistent Atrial Standstill
10.7.14 Atrioventricular Block
10.7.15 Ventricular Escape Beats and Rhythms
10.7.16 Atrioventricular Accessory Pathway Arrhythmia
10.7.17 Anti-arrhythmic Drugs
10.7.17.1 Lidocaine
10.7.17.2 Procainamide
10.7.17.3 Quinidine
10.7.17.4 Beta Adrenergic Blockers
10.7.17.5 Phenytoin
10.7.17.6 Calcium Channel Blockers
10.7.17.7 Vagolytic Drugs
10.7.17.8 New Drugs
10.7.18 Homeopathic Drugs in the Management of Canine Arrhythmias
References
Further Reading
11: Electrocardiographic Findings in Cardiac and Non-cardiac Diseases
11.1 Electrocardiographic Findings in Cardiac Diseases
11.2 Electrocardiographic Findings in Non-cardiac Diseases
11.2.1 Non-cardiac Diseases
References
Further Reading
12: Canine Cardiomyopathy and Bacterial Endocarditis
12.1 Cardiomyopathy
12.1.1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
12.1.1.1 Causes
12.1.1.2 Diagnostic Profile
12.1.1.3 Therapy
12.1.1.4 Prognosis
12.1.2 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
12.1.2.1 Diagnostic Profile
12.1.2.2 Therapy
12.1.3 Doberman Pincher Occult Cardiomyopathy
12.1.3.1 Etiology
12.1.3.2 Symptoms
12.1.3.3 Diagnosis
12.1.3.4 Treatment Approach
12.1.3.5 Prognosis
12.1.4 Boxer Cardiomyopathy
12.1.4.1 Diagnostic Profile
12.1.4.2 Therapy
12.1.4.3 Prognosis
12.1.5 Secondary Myocarditis
12.1.5.1 Diagnostic Profile
12.1.5.2 Therapy
12.1.6 Infectious Myocarditis
12.1.6.1 Diagnostic Profile
12.1.6.2 Therapy
12.2 Bacterial Endocarditis
12.2.1 Diagnostic Profile
12.2.2 Therapy
References
Further Reading
13: Valvular Insufficiency
13.1 Chronic Mitral Insufficiency (CMI)
13.1.1 Diagnostic Profile
13.1.2 Therapy
13.2 Tricuspid Insufficiency (TI)
13.2.1 Diagnostic Profile
13.2.2 Therapy
13.3 Mitral Stenosis (MS)
13.3.1 Diagnostic Profile
13.3.2 Therapy
13.4 Aortic Insufficiency (AI)
13.4.1 Diagnostic Profile
13.4.2 Therapy
13.5 Pulmonic Insufficiency (PI)
13.5.1 Diagnostic Profile
13.5.2 Therapy
Further Reading
14: Pericardial Effusion
14.1 Diagnostic Profile
14.2 Therapy
14.3 Prognosis
Further Reading
15: Heart Failure, Cardiopulmonary Arrest, and Cardiogenic Shock
15.1 Heart Failure
15.1.1 Common Causes of Heart Failure
15.1.2 Diagnostic Approach in Heart Failure
15.1.2.1 History
15.1.2.2 Clinical Manifestations
Classification of Functional Heart Failure
15.1.2.3 Cardiac Biomarkers and Biochemical Indices
15.1.2.4 Radiographic Findings in Heart Failure
15.1.2.5 Electrocardiographic Findings in Heart Failure
15.1.2.6 Echocardiographic Findings in Heart Failure
15.1.3 Treatment of Heart Failure
15.2 Refractory Congestive Heart Failure
15.2.1 Diagnostic Profile
15.2.2 Therapy
15.3 Common Drugs for Heart Failure: At a Glance
15.4 Cardiopulmonary Arrest (CPA)
15.4.1 Etiology
15.4.2 Diagnostic Profile
15.4.3 Treatment
15.5 Cardiogenic Shock
15.5.1 Diagnostic Profile
15.5.2 Therapy
References
Further Reading
16: Canine Electrocardiograms in Diseases
16.1 Amitraz Toxicity (Fig. 16.1)
16.2 Anesthesia (Figs. 16.2 and 16.3)
16.3 Babesiosis (Figs. 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7 and 16.8)
16.4 Carbon Dioxide Pneumoperitoneum (Figs. 16.9 and 16.10)
16.5 Chocolate Toxicity (Fig. 16.11)
16.6 Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (Fig. 16.12)
16.7 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Fig. 16.13)
16.8 Dirofilariasis (Figs. 16.14, 16.15, 16.16, 16.17 and 16.18)
16.9 Electric Shock (Fig. 16.19)
16.10 Eclampsia (Fig. 16.20)
16.11 Ehrlichiosis (Figs. 16.21, 16.22 and 16.23)
16.12 Heart Failure (Figs. 16.24, 16.25, 16.26, 16.27, 16.28, 16.29, 16.30 and 16.31)
16.13 Heat Stroke/Hyperthermia (Figs. 16.32, 16.33, 16.34, 16.35, 16.36, 16.37, and 16.38)
16.14 Hypothermia (Figs.16.39 and 16.40)
16.15 Liver Diseases (Figs. 16.41, 16.42, 16.43, 16.44 and 16.45)
16.16 Obesity (Figs. 16.46 and 16.47)
16.17 Pancreatitis (Fig. 16.48)
16.18 Pneumonia (Fig. 16.49)
16.19 Renal Failure (Figs. 16.50, 16.51, 16.52, 16.53 and 16.54)
16.20 Snake Bite (Figs. 16.55, 16.56 and 16.57)
16.21 Status Epilepticus (Fig. 16.58)
16.22 Syncope (Figs. 16.59, 16.60 and 16.61)
16.23 Toad Poisoning (Fig. 16.62)
16.24 Trauma/Accidental Fall (Figs. 16.63, 16.64, 16.65 and 16.66)
16.25 Tumor/Growth (Figs. 16.67, 16.68, 16.69, 16.70 and 16.71)
16.26 Miscellaneous Electrocardiograms (Figs. 16.72, 16.73, 16.74, 16.75, 16.76, 16.77, 16.78, 16.79, 16.80, 16.81, 16.82, 16.83, 16.84 and16.85)
References
Section II: Feline
17: Electrocardiography in Cats
17.1 Differences Between Dogs and Cats with Regard to Cardiac Diseases
17.1.1 Clinical Manifestations
17.1.2 Cardiac Murmurs
17.1.3 Radiographic Features
17.2 Electrocardiography
17.2.1 Positioning of Cats for Electrocardiography
17.2.2 Placement of the Electrodes
17.2.3 Electrocardiogram and Electrocardiographic Indices
17.3 Electrocardiographic Parameters of Healthy Cat
17.4 Interpretations of Normal Cardiac Wave Forms in Cats
17.5 Characteristics of Feline Electrocardiogram
17.6 Abnormal Waves, Intervals and Segments with Their Indications
17.7 Electrocardiographic Features of Feline Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances
17.8 Echocardiography in Felines
17.9 Cardiac Biomarkers
17.10 Abnormal Electrocardiograms in Cats (Figs. 17.11, 17.12, 17.13, 17.14, 17.15, 17.16, 17.17, 17.18, 17.19 and 17.20)
17.11 Clinical Conditions Associated With Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances
17.12 Anti-arrhythmic Drugs in Feline Arrhythmias
17.13 Cardiomyopathies in Felines
17.13.1 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
17.13.2 Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy
17.13.3 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
17.13.4 Excess Moderator Band Cardiomyopathy
17.14 Cardiogenic Arterial Thromboembolism (ATE) in Cats
17.15 Glucocorticoid-Associated Congestive Heart Failure
References
Further Reading
Section III: Ruminants
18: Electrocardiography in Ruminants
18.1 Electrocardiography
18.1.1 Electrocardiogram in Buffalo and Cow Calves
18.2 Electrocardiographic Indices in Buffaloes
18.3 Electrocardiographic Indices in Holstein Crossbreds
18.4 Electrocardiographic Indices in Goats
18.5 Electrocardiographic Indices In Mithuns
18.6 Electrocardiographic Indices in Sheep
18.7 Characteristics of Ruminants’ Electrocardiogram
18.8 Arrhythmias in Ruminants (Figs. 18.18, 18.19, 18.20, 18.21, 18.22, 18.23, 18.24, 18.25, 18.26, 18.27, 18.28, 18.29, 18.30, 18.31, 18.32, 18.33, 18.34, 18.35, and 18.36)
18.9 Electrocardiographic Abnormalities and Their Association with Diseases/Conditions
References
Section IV: Other Animals
19: Electrocardiography in Other Animals
19.1 Chelonians
19.1.1 Positioning of Turtles/Tortoises for Electrocardiogram
19.1.2 Electrocardiogram and Electrocardiographic Indices
19.1.3 Characteristics of Electrocardiogram of Chelonians
19.1.4 Abnormal Electrocardiograms (Figs. 19.4, 19.5, 19.6, 19.7, 19.8 and 19.9)
19.2 Snakes
19.2.1 Signs of Heart Disease
19.2.2 Placement of Electrodes for Electrocardiogram
19.2.3 Electrocardiogram and Electrocardiographic Indices in Snakes
19.2.4 Factors Influencing Electrocardiogram of the Snakes
19.2.5 Uniqueness of Reptile Electrocardiogram
19.2.6 Cardiovascular Diseases in Snakes
19.2.7 Abnormal Electrocardiogram in a Cobra Snake (Fig. 19.12)
19.3 Avian Species
19.3.1 Placement of Electrodes for Electrocardiogram in Pigeons
19.3.2 Electrocardiogram and Electrocardiographic Indices in Pigeons
19.3.3 Uniqueness of Pigeon Electrocardiogram
19.3.4 Parrot (Fig. 19.16)
19.3.5 Arrhythmias and Other Electrocardiographic Changes in Pigeons (Varshney 2017a) (Figs. 19.17, 19.18, 19.19, 19.20, 19.21, 19.22, 19.23, 19.24, 19.25, 19.26, 19.27 and 19.28)
19.3.6 Abnormal Electrocardiogram in a Parrot (Fig. 19.29)
19.4 Equines
19.4.1 Placement of Electrodes for Electrocardiogram in Equines
19.4.2 Electrocardiogram and Electrocardiographic Indices in Equines
19.4.3 Characteristics of Equine Electrocardiogram
19.4.4 Arrhythmias in Equines
19.4.5 Association of Arrhythmias with Diseases in Equines
19.4.6 Electrocardiographic Features of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances in Equines
19.5 Rabbits
19.5.1 Positioning of Rabbits for Electrocardiography
19.5.2 Placement of the Electrodes in Rabbits
19.5.3 Electrocardiogram and Electrocardiographic Indices in Rabbits
19.5.4 Abnormal Electrocardiograms in Rabbits (Figs. 19.41 and 19.42)
19.6 Indian Grey Mongoose
19.6.1 Positioning of Mongoose and Placement of Electrodes
19.6.2 Electrocardiogram of the Indian Grey Mongoose
19.7 Leopard
19.7.1 Control of Animal
19.7.2 Positioning of Leopard and Placement of Electrodes for Electrocardiography
19.7.3 Electrocardiogram of Leopard
19.8 Electrocardiographic Complexes of Different Species of Animals at a Glance (Fig. 19.50)
References
Further Reading