Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Book_5159_C000
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Contributing Authors
Book_5159_C001
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Principle and Definition of Electro-Coagulation
1.2 Electro-Coagulation Process: Emerging Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment
1.3 Electro-Coagulation Process: Green and Clean Electrochemical Technology
1.4  Integration into Water/Wastewater Treatment Plants or Application for Decentralized Sanitation
1.4.1 Electro-Coagulation Used as Primary Physicochemical Treatment
1.4.2 Electro-Coagulation Used as Secondary Treatment
1.4.3 Electro-Coagulation Used as Tertiary Treatment
1.5 Principle and Definition of Electro-Oxidation
1.5.1 Direct Effect of Electro-Oxidation
1.5.2 Indirect Effect of Electro-Oxidation
1.6 Integration of Electro-Oxidation into Water/Wastewater Treatment Plants or Application for Decentralized Sanitation
1.6.1 Electro-Oxidation Used as Pretreatment
1.6.2 Electro-Oxidation Used as Tertiary Treatment
1.7 Summary
References
Book_5159_C002
Chapter 2: Electro-Coagulation Process: Origins and Principles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of Electro-Coagulation for Water and Wastewater Treatment
2.2.1 Reactor Design
2.2.2 Monopolar and Bipolar Configurations
2.2.3 Production of Coagulation Agents
2.3 Experimental Features
2.3.1 Current Density and Energetic Parameters
2.3.2 Power Supply Type
2.3.3 Effect of Anodic and Cathode Materials
2.3.4 Influence of Operation Parameters
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electro-Coagulation
2.4.1 Advantages
2.4.2 Disadvantages
2.5 Future Research Work
2.6 Summary
References
Book_5159_C003
CHAPTER 3: Electro-Oxidation Process: Origins and Principles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamentals of Electro-Oxidation for Water and Wastewater Treatment
3.2.1 Electrochemical Reactor Principle and Reaction Mechanism
3.2.2 Poisoning Effect
3.2.3 By-Products
3.3 Direct Anodic Oxidation
3.4 Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation
3.5 Challenges and Future Research Work
3.6 Summary
References
Book_5159_C004
CHAPTER 4: Mathematical Modeling of Electro-Coagulation Process
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Critical Factors to be Considered in Electro-Coagulation Modeling
4.3 Different Modeling Techniques Available for Electro-Coagulation
4.4 Mathematical Modeling of Electro-Coagulation Using Artificial Neural Networks
4.5 Important Elements of Electro-Coagulation Modeling by Artificial Neural Network
4.5.1 Topology of Artificial Neural Networks
4.5.2 Learning Process of a Model
4.5.3 Training Algorithm
4.5.4 Optimization of Neural Network Model
4.6 Essential Elements of Statistical Modeling by Response Surface Methodology
4.6.1 Choosing Independent Variables
4.6.2 Experimental Design
4.6.3 Statistical Treatment of Data
4.6.4 Fitting of the Model
4.6.5 Finding Optimal Conditions
4.7 Multiobjective Optimization Models
4.8 Recent Modeling Studies Using Artificial Neural Networks
4.9 Recent Modeling Studies in Electro-Coagulation Using Response Surface Methodology
4.10 Kinetics of Electro-Coagulation
4.11 Miscellaneous Mathematical Models for Electro-Coagulation
4.11.1 Adsorption Models
4.11.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Electro-Coagulation
4.11.3 Mathematical Model for Electro-Coagulation Using Reaction Kinetics
4.11.4 Electro-Coagulation Modeling Using Flotation and Settling Phenomena
4.11.5 Electro-Coagulation Modeling Using Flocculation
4.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Book_5159_C005
Chapter 5: Mathematical Modeling of the Electro-Oxidation Process
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modeling Techniques Available for Electro-Oxidation
5.3 Phenomenological Modeling
5.3.1 Electrochemical Kinetics
5.3.2 Mass Transfer in an Electrochemical Cell
5.3.3 Total Ionic Flux in a Bulk Electrolyte
5.3.4 Model Selection
5.3.5 Selection of Model Variables
5.4 Modeling Based on the Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology
5.4.1 Factorial Design
5.4.2 Central Composite Design
5.4.3 Box–Behnken Design
5.4.4 Taguchi’s Design
5.4.5 Doehlert Design
5.4.6 Modeling Studies Using Response Surface Methodology
5.5 Mathematical Modeling of Electro-Oxidation Using Artificial Neural Networks
5.5.1 Artificial Neural Network’s Architectures
5.5.2 Multilayer Feedforward Networks and Their Learning Process
5.5.3 Optimization Techniques Linked to Artificial Neural Networks
5.5.4 Comparison of Artificial Neural Networks and Response Surface Methodology
5.6 Kinetic Analysis of Electro-Oxidation
5.7 Challenges and Future Research Work
5.8 Conclusion
References
Book_5159_C006
Chapter 6: Combined Electro-Coagulation Processes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electro-Coagulation versus Advanced Oxidation Process
6.3 Electro-Coagulation and TiO2 Photo-Assisted Process
6.3.1 Introduction to the Photocatalysis Process and Hybrid Technique with Electrocoagulation
6.3.2 Kinetic Model
6.3.3 Effective Parameters
6.3.4 Application in Wastewater Treatment
6.4 Sono-Electro-Coagulation Process
6.4.1 Ultrasound Process and the Hybrid Technique with Electro-Coagulation
6.4.2 Kinetics of the Sono-Electro-Coagulation Process
6.4.3 Effect of Operating Parameters
6.5 Electro-Coagulation-Fenton Process
6.5.1 Electro-Fenton Process and the Hybrid Method with Electro-Coagulation
6.5.2 Effective Parameters
6.5.3 Photo-Fenton-Electro-Coagulation Process
6.5.4 Comparative Studies
6.6 Electro-Coagulation-Electro-Oxidation Process
6.6.1 Electro-Oxidation Processes and the Combined Technique with Electro-Coagulation
6.6.2 Effective Factors
6.6.3 Kinetic Model
6.6.4 Performance and Efficiency in Terms of Coagulant and Oxidant Agents
6.6.5 Application in Wastewater Treatment
6.7 Electro-Coagulation-Peroxidation Process
6.7.1 Peroxidation Process and the Combined Technique with Electro-Coagulation
6.7.2 Effective Factors
6.7.3 Application in Wastewater Treatment
6.7.4 Kinetic Model
6.8 Ozonation-Electro-Coagulation Process
6.8.1 Theory of the Ozone Treatment Process and the Integrated Technique with Electro-Coagulation
6.8.2 Kinetic Model
6.8.3 Crucial Parameters
6.8.4 Comparison and Application of Ozonation, Electro-Coagulation, and Ozone-Electro-Coagulation Processes
6.9 Combined Electro-Coagulation and Biological Treatment (Electro-Bio System)
6.10 Comparative Studies
6.11 Biofiltration-Electro-Coagulation Coupling
6.12 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological and Electro-Coagulation Processes
6.13 Conclusion
Nomenclature
References
Book_5159_C007
CHAPTER 7: Combined Electro-Oxidation Processes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electro-Oxidation and TiO2 Photo-Assisted Processes
7.3 Sono-Electro-Oxidation Process
7.3.1 Degradation of Contaminants Using Sono-Electro-Oxidation Processes
7.3.2 Advantages of the Sono-Electro-Oxidation Process
7.4 Electrochemical-Peroxidation Process
7.5 Electro-Peroxone Process
7.5.1 Mechanism of the Process
7.5.2 Advantages of the E-Peroxone Process
7.6 Electro-Fenton Process
7.6.1 Process Mechanism
7.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Electro-Fenton Process
7.7 Electro-Oxidation Filtration Process
7.8 Membrane Technology Coupled with the Electrochemical Process
7.8.1 One-Pot Coupling Process
7.8.2 Two-Stage Coupling Process
7.8.3 Coupled Biological and Electro-Oxidation Process—Case Studies
7.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electro-Oxidation versus Advanced Oxidation Processes
7.9.1 Advantages of the AOP
7.9.2 Disadvantages of the AOP
7.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives
7.11 Conclusion
References
Book_5159_C008
CHAPTER 8: Environmental Applications of Electro-Coagulation Processes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
8.2.1 Arsenic
8.2.2 Zinc and Copper
8.3 Removal of Anionic Species from Wastewater
8.3.1 Fluoride
8.3.2 Phosphate
8.4 Treatment of Landfill Leachate
8.5 Treatment of Wastewater from Agrofood Industries
8.6 Cheese Whey Wastewater
8.7 Slaughterhouse Wastewater
8.8 Restaurant Wastewater
8.9 Treatment of Textile Wastewater
8.10 Treatment of Laundry Wastewater
8.11 Drinking Water Treatment
8.12 Summary
Abbreviations
References
Book_5159_C009
CHAPTER 9: Environmental Applications of Electro-Oxidation Processes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Wastewaters
9.3 Removal of Pathogens from Wastewater
9.4 Treatment of Landfill Leachate
9.5 Treatment of Agricultural and Aquaculture Wastewaters
9.6 Treatment of Petroleum Wastewaters
9.7 Treatment of Textile Wastewater
9.8 Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
9.9 Challenges and Future Perspective
9.10 Conclusion
Nomenclature
References
Book_5159_C010
CHAPTER 10: Comparative Studies among Electro-Coagulation, Chemical Precipitation, and Adsorption
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Chemical Precipitation and Adsorption
10.2.1 Principles of Chemical Precipitation
10.2.1.1 Adding an Extra Layer of Charge
10.2.1.2 Neutralization of Charge
10.2.1.3 Precipitate Entrapment
10.2.1.4 Large Organic Polymers
10.2.2 Critical Parameters Affecting Chemical Coagulation
10.2.2.1 Mixing
10.2.2.2 pH of the System
10.2.2.3 Coagulant and Pollutant Concentration
10.2.2.4 Temperature of the Media
10.2.3 Commonly Used Coagulants
10.2.3.1 Aluminum-Based Coagulants
10.2.3.2 Iron-Based Coagulants
10.2.3.3 Other Coagulants
10.2.4 Principles of Adsorption
10.2.4.1 Adsorption Theory
10.2.4.2 Adsorption Equilibria
10.2.5 Factors Affecting Adsorption
10.2.5.1 Residence Time and Temperature
10.2.5.2 Pore Size and Surface Area
10.2.5.3 Solute and Solvent Properties
10.2.5.4 pH
10.2.5.5 Competing Solutes
10.3 Electro-Coagulation
10.3.1 Electrochemistry of the Electro-Coagulation Process
10.3.2 Destabilization of Colloids
10.3.3 Critical Parameters of Electro-Coagulation
10.3.3.1 Metal Electrode Type
10.3.3.2 Electrode Arrangement
10.3.3.3 Power Supply Type
10.3.3.4 Current Density
10.3.3.5 Conductivity of Water or Anion Concentration
10.3.3.6 Initial pH
10.3.4 Speciation of Aluminum and Iron with pH
10.4 Comparison between Electro-Coagulation and Chemical Coagulation
10.5 Comparative Studies between Electro-Coagulation and Chemical Coagulation
10.6 Practical Basis of Judgment: Energy and Economics Comparison
10.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Book_5159_C011
CHAPTER 11: Comparative Studies between Electro-Oxidation and Other Oxidation Processes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes
11.3 Electro-Oxidation
11.3.1 Electrode Material
11.3.2 Current Density
11.3.3 Nature and Concentration of Organic Pollutants
11.3.4 pH
11.3.5 Electro-Oxidation Removal Efficiency of Biorefractory Compounds
11.4 Comparison between Electro-Oxidation and Chemical Oxidation
11.5 Ozonation versus Electro-Oxidation
11.6 Photocatalysis Process versus Electro-Oxidation
11.7 Sonochemical Process versus Electro-Oxidation
11.8 Energy and Economics Comparison
11.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Book_5159_C012
Chapter 12: Electro-Coagulation Processes: Criteria, Considerations, and Examples for Full-Scale Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Scale-Up and Economics
12.3 Design Criteria
12.4 Reactor Types and Electrode Arrangement
12.5 Operating Conditions and Process Parameters
12.6 Industrial Plants of Electro-Coagulation
12.7 Types of Wastewaters and Pollutants
12.7.1 Metal-Bearing Industrial Effluents
12.7.2 Nonmetallic Inorganics
12.7.3 Heavy Metals
12.7.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal
12.8 Challenges and Recommendations
12.9 Conclusion
Nomenclature
References
Book_5159_C013
CHAPTER 13: Electro-Oxidation Processes: Criteria and Considerations for Full-Scale Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanisms of Electro-Oxidation
13.2.1 Direct Oxidation
13.2.2 Indirect Oxidation
13.3 Design Criteria
13.3.1 Electrode Material
13.3.2 Cell Design
13.3.3 Operating Conditions
13.4 Integration of Electro-Oxidation in Wastewater Treatment Plants
13.4.1 Pretreatment
13.4.2 Post-Treatment
13.4.3 Integrated Treatment
13.5 Types of Wastewaters and Pollutants
13.5.1 Chemical Oxygen Demand
13.5.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants
13.5.3 Dye
13.5.4 Heavy Metals
13.5.5 Pharmaceuticals
13.5.6 Ammonia
13.5.7 Phenolic Compounds
13.6 Challenges and Recommendations
13.7 Conclusion
Nomenclature
References
Book_5159_C014
Chapter 14: Cost Comparison of Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation Processes with Other Clean-Up Technologies
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principles Governing Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation Processes
14.3 Operating Cost Components for Electro-Coagulation Technique
14.4 Operating Cost Components for Electro-Oxidation Technique
14.5 Factors Affecting Operating Cost of Electro-Coagulation Process
14.5.1 Effect of Time and Voltage Variations
14.5.2 Effect of Inter-Electrode Distance
14.5.3 Effect of Electrolyte Concentration
14.5.4 Effect of Pollutant Concentration/Chemical Oxygen Demand
14.5.5 Effect of Electrode Connection Mode
14.5.6 Material of Electrode
14.5.7 Effect of Current Density
14.5.8 Effect of Salt Concentration
14.5.9 Effect of Feed Flow Rate
14.5.10 Effect of Passivation
14.5.11 Recirculation of Feed
14.6 Factors Affecting Operating Cost of Electro-Oxidation Process
14.6.1 Power Consumption
14.6.2 Time of Treatment
14.6.3 Electrode Material
14.6.4 Passivation of Electrodes
14.6.5 Type of Wastewater
14.7 Cost Comparison of Electro-Coagulation with Chemical Coagulation Process
14.8 Cost Comparison of Electro-Oxidation with Chemical Oxidation Processes
14.9 Economics of Adsorbents in Water Treatment
14.10 Economics of Membrane Filtration Technology
14.11 Comparison between Different Wastewater Treatment Processes
14.12 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Book_5159_C015
Chapter 15: Challenges and Future Perspectives of Electro-Coagulation and Electro-Oxidation Processes
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Challenges of Electro-Coagulation
15.2.1 Electro-Coagulation Reactor Design and Operation
15.2.2 Sacrificial Electrodes and Other Challenges
15.2.3 Cost of Electro-Coagulation
15.3 Future Perspectives of Electro-Coagulation
15.3.1 Improvement of Electro-Coagulation Systems for Scale-Up/Commercialization
15.3.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Electro-Coagulation
15.3.3 Combination with Other Treatment Processes
15.3.4 Fuel Cell and Use of Renewable Energies
15.3.5 Cost Estimation of Electro-Coagulation Treatment Processes
15.3.6 Mathematical Model of Electro-Coagulation
15.4 Challenges of Electro-Coagulation
15.4.1 Electro-Oxidation Reactor Design and Operation
15.4.2 Cost and Environmental Impact of Electro-Oxidation
15.5 Future Perspectives of Electro-Oxidation
15.5.1 Improvement in Electro-Oxidation Systems for Scale-Up/Commercialization
15.5.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Electro-Oxidation
15.5.3 Combination of Electro-Oxidation and Other Treatment Processes
15.5.4 Cost Estimation and Environmental Impact of Electro-Oxidation Processes
15.6 Summary
References
Book_5159_C016
About the Editors
Book_5159_IDX