Electrically Conductive Membrane Materials and Systems: Fouling Mitigation For Desalination and Water Treatment

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
Author Biographies
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Evolution of Membrane Processes
1.3 Fundamentals of Membrane Separation
1.3.1 Porous Membranes
1.3.2 Non-Porous Membranes
1.4 Membrane Processes
1.4.1 Microfiltration
1.4.1.1 Mode of Operation
1.4.1.2 Membrane Materials
1.4.1.3 Applications
1.4.2 Ultrafiltration
1.4.2.1 Applications
1.4.2.2 Materials
1.4.2.3 Research Trends
1.4.3 Nanofiltration
1.4.3.1 Research Trends
1.4.4 Reverse Osmosis
1.4.5 Membrane Distillation
1.4.6 Forward Osmosis
1.5 Membrane Materials
1.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Fouling and Related Phenomena
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes
2.2.1 High Pressure Membrane Processes (NF, RO)
2.2.1.1 Colloidal Fouling
2.2.1.2 Organic Fouling
2.2.1.3 Inorganic Fouling
2.2.1.4 Biofouling
2.2.2 Low Pressure Membranes (MF, UF)
2.2.2.1 Membrane Properties
2.2.2.2 Operating Conditions
2.3 Modeling of Fouling
2.4 Membrane Distillation
2.4.1 Wetting
2.4.1.1 Mechanisms of Wetting
2.4.1.2 Effect of Temperature on Wetting
2.4.1.3 Effect of Flow Rate on Wetting
2.4.1.4 Surfactant-Induced Wetting
2.4.1.5 Foulant-Induced Wetting
2.4.2 Fouling
2.4.3 Scaling
2.4.3.1 Temperature
2.4.3.2 Feedwater Composition
2.5 Implications of Fouling: The Case of the Tampa Bay Seawater Reverse Osmosis Facility
2.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Monitoring, Prevention, and Control of Fouling and Related Phenomena
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Process Monitoring
3.3 Status of Monitoring in Membrane Separation Processes
3.3.1 Industrial Practice
3.3.1.1 Water Quality Monitoring
3.3.1.2 Membrane Integrity
3.3.1.3 Fouling Monitoring
3.3.2 Recent Developments in in Situ Monitoring Techniques for Fouling and Related Phenomena
3.3.2.1 Fouling Monitoring in Membrane Separation Processes
3.3.3 Role of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Membrane Processes
3.3.3.1 Structural Characterization of Membranes Using EIS
3.3.3.2 Monitoring of Membrane Processes Using EIS
3.3.3.3 Online Monitoring in Plants
3.4 Status of Membrane Cleaning and Control of Fouling and Related Phenomena
3.4.1 Pressure-Driven Processes
3.4.1.1 Industrial Practice
3.4.1.2 Recent Developments in Membrane Cleaning and Fouling Control
3.4.2 Membrane Distillation
3.4.2.1 Chemical Cleaning
3.4.2.2 Physical Cleaning
3.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Electrical Conductivity in Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polymers
4.2.1 Electrical Conductivity in Conducting Polymers
4.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of Conducting Polymers
4.3 Metals
4.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes
4.4.1.1 Individual CNTs
4.4.1.2 Buckypaper
4.4.1.3 Electrochemical Activity in CNTs
4.4.2 Graphene
4.4.2.1 Electrochemical Activity in Graphene
4.5 Polymer Composites
4.5.1 Polymer-CNT Composites
4.5.2 Polymer-Graphene Composites
4.5.3 Percolation Threshold
4.6 Measurement of Electrical Conductivity
4.6.1 Four-Point Probe
4.7 Preparation of Electrically Conducting Membrane Systems
4.7.1 Vacuum Filtration
4.7.2 Electrospinning
4.7.3 Dip Coating
4.7.4 Drop Casting
4.7.5 Spin Coating
4.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Electrically Conductive Membranes for Fouling Mitigation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanisms of Fouling Prevention and Cleaning with Conductive Membranes
5.2.1 Oxidation of Foulants
5.2.2 Electrochemical Bubble Generation
5.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity
5.3 Electrically Conductive Membranes in Desalination
5.3.1 Reverse Osmosis
5.3.1.1 Boron Removal
5.3.2 Nanofiltration
5.3.3 Membrane Distillation
5.3.4 Other
5.4 Electrically Conductive Membranes in Water Treatment
5.4.1 Removal and/or Degradation of Organic Contaminants
5.4.2 Microbial Decontamination
5.4.3 Oily Wastewater Treatment
5.4.4 Removal of Toxic Metals
5.4.5 Other
5.4.5.1 Electrically Aligned CNTs
5.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Electrically Conductive Spacers for Fouling Mitigation in Desalination and Water Treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Effect of Spacer Geometry
6.3 Role of Spacers in Fouling Mitigation
6.3.1 Surface Modification
6.3.1.1 Antimicrobial Coatings
6.3.1.2 Plasma Treatment
6.3.1.3 Polymer Blend Coatings
6.3.2 3D-Printed Spacers
6.3.3 Electrically Conductive Spacers for Fouling Mitigation
6.3.3.1 Effect of Applied Voltage on in Situ Cleaning Using Electrically Conductive Spacers
6.3.3.2 Effect of Filtration Interval and Foulant Concentration on Electrolytic Self-Cleaning
6.4 In Situ Characterization of Feed Spacer Fouling
6.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Electrically Conductive Systems in Membrane Distillation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electrically Conducting Materials for Real-Time Monitoring
7.2.1 Wetting
7.2.1.1 Electrically Conducting Membrane Surface for Wetting Detection
7.2.1.2 Electrically Conducting Spacers for Wetting Detection
7.2.2 Fouling
7.2.2.1 Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
7.3 Challenges in Technology Development
7.3.1 Barriers to MD Commercialization
7.3.2 Upscaling Electrically Conducting Systems for MD
7.4 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Electrically Tunable Membrane Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electrically Tunable Performance of Pressure-Driven Processes
8.2.1 Polyelectrolyte Gels
8.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
8.2.3 Graphene
8.2.4 Conducting Polymers
8.2.5 MXenes
8.2.6 Other
8.3 Electrically Tunable Performance of Membrane Distillation
8.3.1 Joule Heating
8.3.2 Direct Electric Heating during DCMD for Brackish Water Desalination
8.3.3 Direct Electric Heating during AGMD for Seawater Desalination
8.3.3.1 Specific Thermal Energy Consumption
8.3.3.2 Gained Output Ratio (GOR)
8.4 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Future Prospects
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Simplified Desalination Pretreatment
9.3 Scalable Fabrication
9.4 Module Integration
9.5 Process Optimization
9.6 Toxicity of Nanomaterials
9.7 Conclusion
Bibliography