This book mainly introduces how to measure and analyze electric charge accumulation in Dielectrics. By using the PEA and Q(t) methods with the Quantum Chemical Calculation, the charge characteristics of solid dielectrics under different situations are analyzed, which are never discussed in detail by other books. The book contains a large number of experimental and simulation data as illustrations, and thus the reader can understand the theory in the book very easily. Meanwhile, the reader can learn how to use the two methods to measure charge behavior under different conditions and analyze the charge phenomena by Quantum Chemical Calculation.
Author(s): Tatsuo Takada, Hanwen Ren, Jin Li, Weiwang Wang, Xiangrong Chen, Qingmin Li
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 369
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Part I Fundamentals and Applications of Q(t) Method
1 Classification of Charge Accumulation Measurement
1.1 The Progress of Space Charge Measurement Technology
1.2 Q(t) Method Can Measure Charges in All Trap Levels
1.3 PEA Method is Difficult to Measure Shallow Trapped Charge
1.4 Explanation of Current Terms
Appendix 1.1 Pico-ammeter Measurement
Appendix 1.2 Precautions for Guard Ring Electrode and Pair Diode
Appendix 1.3 Noise Comparison Between pA Method and Q(t) Method
Appendix 1.4 Measurement of Electric Field Intensity E(0, t) at Electrode Surface
References
2 Fundamentals of Q(t) Measurement
2.1 Q(t) Meter Circuit Configuration
2.2 Q(t) Meter Measurement on High Voltage Side
2.3 Selection of Capacitance of Integration Capacitor
2.4 Stability of Q(t) System
2.5 Consideration of Stray Capacitance
2.6 Q(t) Method Applied Under High Temperature and High Voltage
Reference
3 Evaluation of Charge Accumulation
3.1 Evaluation of Charge Accumulation by Charge Ratio Q(t)/Q0
3.2 Relationship Between Relaxation Time t and Measurement Time tm
3.3 Space Charge Formation and Q(t) Simulation
3.4 Combination of PEA Measurement and Q(t) Measurement
References
4 Q(t) Data of Various Polymer Materials
4.1 Q(t) Characteristics of Various Polymers
4.2 Classification of Charge Accumulation Characteristics
4.3 Charge Accumulation Characteristics and Molecular Structure
4.4 Relationship Between Charge Accumulation and Electrostatic Potential Distribution in Molecule
4.5 Improvement of Charge Accumulation Characteristics of XLPE + Voltage Stabilizer
Reference
5 Charge Accumulation in Inorganic Materials
5.1 Q(t) Data of Inorganic Materials
5.2 Electric Field Dependence and Temperature Dependence
5.3 DC Permittivity
5.4 Comparison of Q(t) Data Between Polymer Insulating Materials and Inorganic Materials
5.5 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
5.6 Research Subjects
Reference
6 Application to Insulation Diagnosis
6.1 Charge Accumulation Evaluation by Q(t) Method on High Voltage Side
6.2 Coaxial Cable with Temperature Rise
6.3 Charge Accumulation Characteristics of DC-XLPE Cable
6.4 Insulation Diagnosis After Gamma Irradiation
6.5 Diagnosis of CV Cable After Accelerated Water-Tree Deterioration
6.6 Q(t) Measurement is Strongly Against External Noise
6.7 Double-Layer Dielectric Interface
6.8 Evaluation of Charge Accumulation in Power Devices
6.9 Electrical Tree
6.10 Measurement of Two-Dimensional Current Distribution
6.11 Q(t) Measurement of Enameled Wire Insulation
References
Part II Fundamentals and Application of Pulsed Electro-Acoustic Method
7 DC Insulation and Space Charge Accumulation
7.1 Measurement of Space Charge Distribution by PEA Method
7.2 DC Insulation and AC Insulation
7.3 Accumulated Charge and Internal Electric Field
7.4 Dielectric Deterioration and Breakdown Caused by Accumulated Electric Charge
References
8 PEA Method: Pulsed Electro-Acoustic Method
8.1 Pulse Pressure Wave of PEA Method
8.2 Signal Processing
9 Generation of Pulse Pressure Wave
9.1 Generation of Pulse Pressure Wave from Electrode Induced Charge
9.2 Generation of Pressure Wave from Space Charge
9.3 Generation of Pressure Wave from Polarized Charge
10 Basics of Electrodynamics and Elastic Mechanics
10.1 Basic Piezoelectric Formula
10.2 Local Hooke's Law and Dynamic Hooke's Law
10.3 Explanation of Convolution Integral
10.4 Expansion of Dielectric Material Under Applied Electric Fields—Force Acting on Polarized Charge
10.5 Fourier Transform
10.6 Gaussian Filter
10.7 Charged Elastic Body
Reference
11 Examples of PEA Measurement Results
11.1 Accumulation of Homo and Hetero Charges
11.2 Frequency Dependence of Space Charge Accumulation
11.3 Charge Accumulation in a Double-Layer Dielectric
11.4 Effect of MgO Addition for Blocking Space Charge
11.5 Charge Accumulation Inside Coaxial Cables
11.6 Distribution of Accumulated Charge in the Cross Section of the Coaxial Cable
11.7 Space Charge Measurement of Long Cables
11.8 Light Irradiation and Space Charge Formation
11.9 Electron Beam Irradiation and Space Charge Formation
11.10 Gamma Irradiation and Space Charge Formation
11.11 Proton Irradiation and Space Charge Formation
11.12 Comparison of Paraelectric and Ferroelectric PEA Signals
11.13 3D Measurement Results of Charge Distribution
11.14 Generation and Recovery of Attenuation and Dispersion of Pressure Wave
References
Part III Utilization of Quantum Chemical Calculation Analysis
12 Basics of Quantum Chemical Calculation
12.1 Terms in the Electron Energy Level Diagram
12.2 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
12.3 Diagram of Electron Energy Level
12.4 Mulliken Atomic Charges and Electrostatic Potential Distribution
12.5 Chemical Structure and Shape of Molecular Orbitals
12.6 Positive Polarity and Negative Polarity of Electron Affinity
12.7 Application of Fermi–Dirac Distribution Function
12.8 Observation of Macromolecules by Molecular Dynamics and Density Functional Calculations
References
13 Application Examples of Quantum Chemical Calculation
13.1 Molecular Chain Approaching and Trap Site Formation
13.2 Polymerization of Monomers and Polymers
13.3 Chemical Structure and Formation of Trap Sites for Charge
13.4 Formation of Trap Sites in Macromolecular Systems (PE and PEN)
13.5 Hopping Transfer of Charge
13.6 Dominant Current Law
13.7 Scope of Application of Classical Theory and Quantum Theory
13.8 Electric Field Application and Band Gap
13.9 Polarization and Charge Transfer Under Electric Field Application
13.10 Summary
Reference
14 Analysis Examples by Quantum Chemical Calculation
14.1 Analysis of Charge Accumulation in PE
14.2 Analysis of Charge Accumulation in PET
14.3 Analysis of PI Charge Accumulation
14.4 Charge Accumulation Characteristics of PEN
14.5 Induced Trap Site of MgO and Fullerene Under Applied Electric Fields
14.6 Analysis of Positive and Negative Charge Accumulation in ETFE
14.7 Relationship Between the Needed Inception Voltage of Electrical Tree and Additives
14.8 MD Simulation and DF Analysis of the Mixture of PE and AO
14.9 Mixture of PE and Surfactant
14.10 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Oxidized EPDM Dispersion
14.11 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of PE+H2O+GMS
14.12 Curing Agent Effect on Charge Accumulation of Epoxy Resin
References
Postscript
Challenge for Advanced Technologies
International Collaboration
The Meaning of the Tennis Ball Pyramid
