Elastomer Blends and Composites: Principles, Characterization, Advances, and Applications

Front Cover
Elastomer Blends and Composites
Elastomer Blends and Composites
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Introduction to elastomers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Vulcanization/cross-linking in elastomers
1.3 Elastomeric composites and blends
1.4 Recent developments in elastomeric blends and composites
1.4.1 NR-based elastomers
1.4.2 EPDM-based elastomers
1.4.3 Silicone rubber
1.4.4 Olefin thermoplastic elastomer
1.4.5 Biodegradable elastomers
1.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2 - Manufacturing methods of elastomer blends and composites
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preparation techniques
2.2.1 Solvent casting
2.2.2 Freeze drying
2.2.3 Spray drying
2.2.4 Latex stage compounding
2.2.5 Heterocoagulation approach
2.2.6 In situ polymerization
2.2.7 Melt blending/extrusion
2.2.8 Solid-state shear pulverization
2.2.9 Liquid crystal elastomer
2.2.10 Soft and biostable elastomer
2.2.11 Short fiber reinforced elastomer composite
2.2.12 Surface-modified flax elastomer composites
2.2.13 Modeling for randomly oriented multimaterial
2.2.14 Silicone composites
2.3 Conclusion
References
3 - Elastomer-based blends
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Compatibilization of elastomer-based blends
3.3 Impact of nanofillers on elastomer-based blends
3.4 Fabrication methods of elastomers
3.5 Processing and characterization methods of elastomers-based blends
3.6 Properties of elastomers-based blends
3.7 Applications of elastomer-based blends
3.7.1 Self-healable elastomer blends
3.7.2 Food packaging application of elastomer-based blends
3.7.3 Mechanical performance of elastomer-based blends
3.8 Conclusion
References
4 - Elastomer-based filler composites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Preparation and properties of fillers
4.2.1 Carbon black
4.2.2 Silica
4.2.3 Different fillers
4.2.3.1 Magnetic fillers
4.2.3.2 Copper nanowire
4.2.3.3 Hybrid fillers (TiO2-Graphene)
4.2.3.4 Piezoelectric (PZT) and silver-coated glass microsphere fillers
4.2.3.5 SBS (styrene–butadiene–styrene/multiwall) carbon nanotubes fillers
4.2.3.6 Carbon nanotubes and hybrid fillers
4.2.3.7 Graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), expanded graphite (EG), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
4.2.3.8 3D graphene foam filler
4.2.3.9 Boron nitride filled in polyolefin elastomer
4.2.3.10 Expanded graphite filled with styrene isoprene styrene block copolymer
4.2.3.11 Gamma-ferrite additive to carbonyl iron (CI) natural rubber (NR) composite
4.2.4 Glycerol filler
4.3 Conclusions and perspectives
References
5 - Engineering applications of elastomer blends and composites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Elastomer blends and composites processing methods
5.2.1 Extrusion (twin or single screw)
5.2.2 Brabender
5.2.3 Two roll mills
5.2.4 Radiation method
5.3 Elastomer blends and composites engineering applications
5.3.1 Biomedical engineering applications
5.3.2 Ocean engineering applications
5.3.3 Agriculture engineering applications
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 - Rheology of elastomer blends and composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic aspects of rheology
6.3 Basic key terms
6.4 Rheological models
6.5 Newtonian fluids (viscous liquids)
6.6 Non-Newtonian fluids
6.7 Conditions affecting the rheological properties of materials
6.8 Effect of temperature
6.9 Effect of the system structure at the micro-/nano-scale
6.10 Applied rheology in elastomers, blends, and composites thereof
6.11 Static versus dynamic rheological tests
6.12 Laboratory tests and instrumentations
6.13 Cone-and-plate rheometer
6.14 Capillary viscometer
6.15 Mooney viscometer
6.16 Constitutive rheological models
6.17 Uncured rubber melts
6.18 Elastomer blends
6.19 Elastomer composites
6.20 Conclusions
References
7 - Morphological characteristics of elastomer blends and composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Morphology
7.2.1 Optical microscopy(OM)
7.2.2 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)
7.2.3 Atomic force microscopy(AFM)
7.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)
7.2.5 Field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)
7.3 Effect of plant fiber-reinforced elastomer composites
7.4 Effect of synthetic fiber-reinforced elastomer composites
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 - Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends and composites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends
8.3 SMP of elastomer blends
8.4 DMP of elastomer blends
8.5 Mechanical behavior of elastomer composites
8.6 SMP of elastomer composites
8.7 DMP of elastomer composites
8.8 Conclusions
References
9 - Thermal behavior of elastomer blends and composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Thermodynamics of the rubber–rubber and rubber–polymer blends
9.3 Thermal behavior of blends
9.3.1 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by DSC technique
9.3.2 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by DMA technique
9.3.3 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by TGA
9.4 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites
9.4.1 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites analyzed by DSC technique
9.4.2 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites analyzed by DMA technique
9.4.3 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites based on TGA technique
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 - Viscoelastic behavior of elastomer blends and composites
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Viscoelasticity: a property of materials
10.1.2 Constitutive models of linear viscoelasticity
10.1.3 Dynamic loading and responses
10.2 Viscoelasticity of elastomer blends
10.3 Viscoelasticity of elastomer composites
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 - Spectroscopy of elastomer blends and composites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy
11.3 Fluorescence spectroscopy
11.4 NMR spectroscopy
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12 - Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering studies of elastomer blends and composites
12.1 Focus
12.2 X-ray diffraction
12.2.1 The beginnings of WAXD
12.2.2 Properties of X-rays
12.2.3 Choosing the wavelength
12.2.4 Filters versus monochromators
12.3 Methods in X-ray scattering
12.3.1 X-ray scattering and polymers
12.4 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, WAXD
12.4.1 WAXD configurations
12.4.2 X-ray patterns and preferred orientation
12.4.3 Amorphous state and random microcrystallinity
12.4.4 Detection systems
12.4.5 Remarks
12.5 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
12.5.1 The beginnings of SAXS
12.5.2 SAXS and polymers
12.5.3 Diffuse small-angle scattering
12.5.3.1 Guinier law
12.5.3.2 Fractal structure
12.5.3.3 Scattering equivalents
12.5.4 Discrete small-angle scattering
12.5.4.1 Two-phase model and Lorentz correction
12.5.4.2 Invariant and radial correlation function
12.5.5 Instrumentation for small-angle X-ray scattering
12.6 Applications
12.7 Synchrotron scattering
12.8 Conclusions
References
Further reading
13 - Theoretical modeling and simulation of elastomer blends and nanocomposites
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Simulations of elastomers
13.2.1 Thermoplastic elastomers
13.2.2 Thermosetting elastomers
13.3 Modeling study of elastomer blends and composites
13.3.1 Thermal modeling
13.3.2 Mechanical modeling
13.3.3 Rheological modeling
13.4 Major concern/challenges
13.5 Conclusion and future scope
References
14 - Recycling of elastomer blends and composites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Devulcanization methods
14.2.1 Chemical method
14.2.2 Ultrasound method
14.2.3 Microwave methods
14.2.4 Thermomechanical methods
14.2.5 Biological methods
14.2.6 Supercritical methods
14.3 Value-added products from revulcanized elastomeric blends and composites
14.4 Conclusion
14.5 Future perspectives
References
Further reading
15 - Applications of elastomer blends and composites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polyurethane-based elastomer blends and composites
15.2.1 Polyurethane-based flame-retardant elastomer
15.2.2 Polyurethane-based self-healing elastomer
15.2.3 Polyurethane-based shape memory elastomer
15.2.4 Polyurethane-based sensing elastomer
15.3 Silicone-based elastomer blends and composites
15.4 Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)-based elastomer
15.5 Other elastomers
15.5.1 Fluorocarbon elastomer
15.5.2 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber elastomer
15.6 Conclusions
References
16 - Properties of elastomer–biological phenolic resin composites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biological phenolic resin
16.2.1 Phenolic compounds from biomass-based
16.2.2 Thermoplastic versus thermoset biological phenolic resin
16.2.3 Elastomeric properties of thermoset and thermoplastic BPR
16.3 Properties of blended composite
16.3.1 Rheological characteristics
16.3.2 Physical attributes
16.3.3 Mechanical performances
16.3.4 Thermal properties
16.4 Conclusion
16.5 Future trend
Acknowledgments
References
17 - Advances in stimuli-responsive and functional thermoplastic elastomers
17.1 Overview of thermoplastic elastomers and their applications
17.2 Introduction to model block copolymers as TPEs
17.3 Physical modification of nonpolar TPEs and their applications
17.3.1 Fabrication and properties of TPEGs
17.3.2 Stimuli-responsive and electrically conductive TPEGs
17.4 Chemical modification of nonpolar TPEs and their applications
17.5 Morphological development and applications of charged TPEs
17.6 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
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