This book focuses on Egypt as a representative example of emerging economies struggling to achieve their sustainable development goals (SDGs). The Egyptian government has launched Egypt’s Vision 2030 in line with the 2030 Agenda, also known as the Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS), which encompasses the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development. It is under the SDS that all development plans in Egypt are incorporated while at the same time being strongly guided by the SDGs. Aware of the principle of shared but differentiated responsibility, Egypt also recognizes that fundamental challenges remain, despite a strong willingness to achieve the SDGs. High birth rates, brain drain phenomena, water scarcity, migration, discrimination against women and girls, a growing informal sector and instability in neighboring states (especially Libya and Syria) are only some of the many hindrances to sustainable development.
In order to address these challenges, Egypt relies heavily on the SDGs, which are aimed at transforming our world. Although there is an urgent need for a drastic change in the way we use the Earth, the question arises as to whether the SDGs are sufficient to facilitate such a transformation. This book explores the key environmentally related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and offers a cutting-edge assessment of current progress with a view to reaching these objectives by 2030. The book highlights some of the key findings and ideas for how research may help achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in enterprises. The book provides a useful framework that can help and aid the Egyptian government to assess the many goals and targets outlined in the 2030 Agenda. The analysis of Egypt can be used as a blueprint for other developing nations and globally in order to guide policy toward achieving the SDGs. Covering food security, water resilience, climate change, agronomics, rural life, environmental impact assessment as a tool for measuring the achievement of the goals, Egyptian education, the COVID-19 pandemic, cultural and societal dimensions, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sustainable development and climate change, as well as practitioners and policymakers involved in sustainable development and disaster management.
Author(s): El-Sayed E. Omran, Abdelazim M. Negm
Series: Sustainable Development Goals Series
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 315
City: Cham
Preface to “Egypt’s Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030”
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction to “Insights into Egypt’s Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030: Researchers’ Contributions”
Abstract
1 Background/Overview
2 Themes of the Book
3 Chapter’s Summary
Acknowledgements
References
2 Overview of the Poverty, Food Security and Nutrition Situation in Egypt
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Poverty and Food Security
3 Poverty in Egypt
4 Study Results
4.1 Economic Reform in Egypt
4.2 Poverty Rate
4.3 Poverty and Deprivation in Rural Upper Egypt
4.4 Poverty in the Poorest Villages of Egypt
4.5 Egypt’s Poverty Rate
4.6 Economic Reform Programme
4.6.1 National Reform Following the 2013 Revolution
4.6.2 Development of the Suez Canal Hub
4.6.3 National Sinai Development Project
4.6.4 The Million and a Half Million Acres Project
4.6.5 National Energy Project
5 Conclusions and Future Direction
References
3 Long-Term Control of Desertification: Is Organic Farming Superior to Conventional? Soil and Established Arid Cultivation Practices at SEKEM, Egypt
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 SEKEM Agricultural Site
3 Organic—Biodynamic Cultivation Practices
3.1 Compost, Natural Fertilizing
3.2 Crop Rotation and Co-cultivation
3.3 Manual Tillage
4 Soil Properties in Organic Farming
4.1 Organic Carbon Content, Water Storage Capacity
4.2 Soil Parameters Related to Tilth
4.3 Soil Microbiology
4.4 Pesticides, Fertilizers and Soil Parameters
5 Farming System and Risk of Erosion
6 Synopsis: Organic and Conventional Farming in Desertification Control
7 Discussion and Conclusion
References
4 The Effect of COVID-19 on the Egyptian Education System and the Role of Digitalization
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Education and Sustainable Development
3 Resilience in Education: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19
4 The Impact of the Coronavirus on the Educational Systems: Some Global Experiences and Egypt
5 An Overview of the Egyptian Policy Responses: The Education System Perspective
6 Matrix of Proposed Resilience Pillars and Execution Mechanisms
7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
5 Culture and Principles of Equity and Gender Equality as a Basis of Holistic Sustainable Development at SEKEM, Egypt
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 SEKEM Founder Developing His Vision of Society and Culture
1.2 Initiative for Holistic Sustainable Development
2 REVIEW: The Four Sustainability Dimensions at SEKEM
2.1 Economic Dimension of Sustainability
2.2 Ecological Dimension of Sustainability
2.3 Societal Dimension of Sustainability
2.3.1 Equal Society, Empowerment of Women
2.3.2 Partnerships, Financial Structure
2.4 Cultural Dimension: Equity in Education and Development
2.4.1 Cultural Core Program
2.4.2 Health Care Activities
2.4.3 Educational Programs
2.4.4 Nursery and Kindergarten
2.4.5 SEKEM School and School for Special Needs
2.4.6 Adult Education Program
2.4.7 Vocational Training Centre (VTC)
2.4.8 Research
2.4.9 Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development (HUSD)
3 SYNOPSIS: SEKEM—Status of Sustainability, Vision Until 2057
Acknowledgements
References
6 Integrated Hydrological Modeling and Geoinformatics for Harvesting and Simulating Mountain Torrents on the Area Stretching Between Port Sudan and Ras Bennas, Red Sea
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area and Its Problem
2.2 Research Approaches and Techniques
2.3 Integrated Methodology
2.3.1 Overall Resources and Data Processing
2.3.2 Climatic Characteristics
2.3.3 Topographic Characteristics
2.3.4 Geological Characteristics
2.3.5 Soil Characteristics
2.3.6 Land-Use Data
2.3.7 Hydrological Modeling
2.4 Rain Probability for 100 Years
2.5 Rainwater Loss Estimation
3 Results
3.1 Morphometric Characteristics of the Basins
3.1.1 Area of the Basins
3.1.2 Drainage Network
3.2 Hydrological Characteristics of the Drainage Basins
3.2.1 Time of Concentration
3.2.2 Slowdown
3.2.3 Volume of Shallow Drainage of the Basins
3.3 Harvest of the Water Torrents
3.3.1 Dam Position Selection
3.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Characteristics of Dams
4 Priorities for Dam Creation
5 Discussion and Conclusions
6 Recommendations
References
8 Resources of the Renewable Energy in Egypt
Abstract
1 General Background
2 Energy Sources in Egypt
3 Renewable Energies Resources in Egypt
3.1 Small Hydropower Resources
3.1.1 Small Hydropower Engineering and the Technical Aspects
3.1.2 Small Hydropower Estimation
3.1.3 Site Characteristics
3.1.4 Existing of Hydropower Generation in Egypt
3.2 Solar Energy Resources
3.2.1 Solar Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects
3.2.2 Solar Energy Estimation for Both; CSP and PV
3.2.3 Site Characteristics
3.2.4 Projects of Solar Energy Generation in Egypt
3.3 Wind Energy Resources
3.3.1 Wind Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects
3.3.2 Wind Power Estimation
3.3.3 Site Characteristics
3.3.4 Projects of Wind Energy Generation in Egypt
3.4 Bio Energy (Biomass) Resources
3.4.1 Biomass in Egypt
3.5 Geothermal Energy Resources
4 Geographic Information System and the Potential of Renewable Energies in Egypt
4.1 Potential of Small Hydropower
4.2 Potential of Solar Energy in Egypt
4.3 Potential of Wind Energy in Egypt
References
9 Utilizing Renewable Energy as a Mean to Achieve SDGs
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Renewable Sources of Energy and Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST)
3 On the Concept of Levelised Cost of Electricity LCOE
4 Energy Storage Is the Key to Increasing Efficiency and Lowering Value (LCOE)
5 The Need for Energy in the Form of Heat in the Industry
6 How Can Heat Helps Implantation of SDGs
7 Financing Issue—Toward Constructing of a Business Model
8 Energy Use and Its Relationship to SDG
9 Electricity Generation Plant as Financing Tool for SDG
10 Conclusions
11 Recommendations/Future Prespectives
References
10 Economic Growth, Employment and Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy for All
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Economic Growth
2.1 Promoting Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth in Egypt
2.2 Promoting Egyptian Economic Growth
2.3 Measuring Economic Growth
2.3.1 Income Criteria
Gross National Income (GNI)
Expected Gross National Income (EGNI)
Average Income (AI)
2.3.2 Social Criteria for Growth and Economic Development
Health Standards
Educational Standards
Nutrition Standards
2.3.3 The Physical Quality of Life Index
2.3.4 Structural Standards
2.4 Economic Growth as a Sustainable Development Policy
3 Employment as a Sustainable Development Policy
3.1 Full Employment
3.2 The Ability of Economic Systems to Achieve a State of Full Employment
4 Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy
4.1 Empowering People Through Decent Work and Full Employment
4.1.1 Decent Work in Egypt
4.2 Creating Opportunities for All, Reducing Inequality and Ending Discrimination
4.3 Enhancing Productivity and Building Productive Capacity to Achieve Sustainable Development
5 Conclusions
6 Recommendations
References
11 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Egypt 2030 Strategy Vision Towards Coastal Fisheries
3 Review of Fishing Port Planning Studies
4 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports
4.1 Basic Planning Concepts
4.1.1 General Consideration
4.1.2 Planning Process and Elements
4.1.3 Site Selection and Alternative Plans
4.2 Fishing Ports Planning
4.2.1 Water Area Planning
4.2.2 Land Area Planning (Facilities and Services)
4.2.3 Environmental Aspects for the Planning of Fishing Ports
4.3 Port Management
4.3.1 Environmental Management Practices
5 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
12 The Impact of Human-Induced in Mining Operations on the Increased Risk of Torrents in the Wadi Allaqi Basin
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area and Its Problem
2.2 Natural Characteristics of the Study Area
2.2.1 Identification of Study Area
2.2.2 Climate Characteristics
2.2.3 Geological Characteristics
2.2.4 Terrain Characteristics:
2.3 Hydrological Properties
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Random Mining Operation Deposits
3.2 Water Depth and Speed in the Stream
3.3 Ways to Cope with Torrential Hazards
4 Conclusions and Future Direction
References
13 Climate Considerations in the Planning and Sustainability of Egyptian Cities
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Astronomical and Geographic Location
2.2 Egypt’s Location
2.3 Land Forms
2.3.1 Delta and Nile Valley
2.3.2 Western Desert
2.3.3 Eastern Desert
2.3.4 Sinai Peninsula
2.4 City’s Functional Structure
2.5 Egyptian City Categories
2.6 Population Functions
2.7 Urban Planning
2.8 Morphology of the City
2.9 The Physical State of the Buildings
2.10 Historical and Civilizational Buildings
2.11 Random Areas
3 Results
3.1 Solar Radiation
3.2 Temperature
3.3 Relative Humidity
3.4 Wind
3.5 Rain
4 Discussion
4.1 Solar Radiation
4.2 Relation of Radiation to the Sustainability of Cities
4.3 Temperature
4.4 Relative Humidity Has to Do with City Sustainability
4.5 The Relationship of Wind to City Sustainability
4.6 The Relationship of Rain to the Sustainability of Cities
5 Conclusion
References
14 Education for Sustainable Development, Best Practices Towards Fulfilling Egypt’s Vision 2030
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 From MDGs to SDGs
2.1 SDGs Development and Efforts
3 ESD: A Way to the Future
3.1 Theory into Practice
3.2 Best Practices
4 Infusing Sustainability in Curricula
4.1 Practices from Primary Education Level
4.2 Practices from the Graduate Level
4.3 Practices from Post Graduate Level
5 Conclusion
References
15 Life Under Lake Nasser: Water Quality as Means to Achieving the Egypt’s Agenda 2030
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Addressing the Connections Between Water Pollution and the Sustainable Development Goals
3 Methodology
3.1 Study Area
4 Results
4.1 Temperature
4.2 Hydrogen-Ion Concentration (pH)
4.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
4.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
4.5 Turbidity (NTU)
4.6 Nitrate
4.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
4.8 Total Hardness (TH)
5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
16 Soil–Water Properties for Reduce Land Degradation Along the High Dam Lake, Egypt
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Soil-Related SDGs
3 Methodology
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Soil Sampling and Analyses
3.2.1 Studying the Change of Soil Texture Before and After Flood
3.3 Water Content in Soils
3.4 Field Experiments
3.5 Physiographic Features
3.5.1 Topography of the Region
3.5.2 Geological Formation
3.6 Climate
3.7 Soil
3.7.1 Fluctuation of Water Level
3.7.2 Soil, Water, Plant Relationship
3.7.3 Soil Moisture, Plant Growth and Yield
3.7.4 Soil Moisture and Nutrient Availability
3.7.5 Effect of Some Soil Conditioners on Moisture Content
3.7.6 Effect of Some Physico-chemical Properties on Water Availability
3.7.7 Water Requirement
3.7.8 Water Movement Conditions
3.7.9 Water Relationships
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Studied Soils
4.2 Moisture Properties
4.3 The Area of Shorelands
4.4 Experiment Field
4.5 Current Land Use
5 Conclusion
References
17 Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations to “Egypt’s Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030”
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Update
3 Conclusions
4 Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
