John Hawkins demonstrates a clear link between how languages are used and the conventions of their grammars. He sets out a theory in which performance shapes grammars and accounts for the variation patterns found in the world's languages. He backs this up with evidence from a wide array of languages. He also considers the profound consequences of this correspondence for explanations of language change and evolution, and for models of performance and acquisition. His book is of fundamental importance for linguistic theory.
Author(s): John A. Hawkins
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 322
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 15
1.1 Performance–grammar correspondences: a hypothesis......Page 20
1.2 Predictions of the PGCH......Page 24
1.3 Efficiency and complexity......Page 27
1.4 Issues of explanation......Page 29
1.5 The challenge of multiple preferences......Page 32
2.1 Forms and properties......Page 34
2.2 Property assignments in combinatorial and dependency relations......Page 37
2.3 Efficiency and complexity in form–property signaling......Page 44
3.1 Minimize Domains (MiD)......Page 50
3.2.1 The logic of MiF......Page 57
3.2.2 Form minimization predictions......Page 60
3.2.3 Maximize the ease of processing enrichments......Page 63
3.3 Maximize On-line Processing (MaOP)......Page 68
3.3.1 Unassignments and misassignments......Page 70
3.3.2 The quantitative metric......Page 74
3.3.3 Predictions for performance and grammars......Page 77
4 More on Form Minimization......Page 82
4.1 Greenberg’s markedness hierarchies......Page 83
4.2 Markedness hierarchies in diachrony......Page 87
4.2.1 Morphological inventory predictions......Page 88
4.2.2 Declining distinctions predictions......Page 92
4.3 Grammaticalization and processing......Page 98
4.4 The grammaticalization of definiteness marking......Page 101
4.4.1 Semantic/pragmatic extensions......Page 103
4.4.2 Syntactic extensions......Page 105
4.5 Processing enrichments through structural parallelism......Page 112
4.6 The principle of conventionalized dependency......Page 116
5 Adjacency Effects Within Phrases......Page 122
5.1.1 EIC in head-initial structures......Page 123
5.1.2 EIC in head-final structures......Page 127
5.2.1 Multiple preferences in English......Page 130
5.2.2 Multiple preferences in Japanese......Page 137
5.2.3 Total domain differentials......Page 138
5.3.1 The Greenbergian correlations......Page 142
5.3.2 Other ordering universals......Page 146
5.4 Multiple preferences for adjacency in grammars......Page 150
5.5 Competitions between domains and phrases......Page 155
5.5.1 Relative clause extrapositions in German......Page 161
6 Minimal Forms in Complements/Adjuncts and Proximity......Page 166
6.1.1 Wh, that/zero relativizers......Page 167
6.1.2 Other alternations......Page 173
6.2 Minimal formal marking in grammars......Page 178
6.3 Morphological typology and Sapir’s ‘drift’......Page 185
7 Relative Clause and Wh-movement Universals......Page 188
7.1 The grammar and processing of filler–gap dependencies......Page 190
7.2 The Keenan–Comrie Accessibility Hierarchy......Page 196
7.2.1 Performance support for the FGD complexity ranking......Page 199
7.2.2 Grammatical support for the FGD complexity ranking......Page 205
7.3 Wh-fronting and basic word order......Page 209
7.4 Other complexity hierarchies......Page 211
7.4.1 A clause-embedding hierarchy......Page 212
7.4.2 Reduce additional syntactic processing......Page 216
7.4.3 Reduce additional semantic processing......Page 220
7.5.1 Fillers First......Page 222
7.5.2 Relative clause ordering asymmetries......Page 224
7.5.3 Grammatical conventions that facilitate filler–gap processing......Page 229
7.6 That-trace in English and processing enrichments in Japanese......Page 234
8 Symmetries, Asymmetric Dependencies, and Earliness Effects......Page 242
8.1.1 Symmetries......Page 243
8.1.2 Asymmetries......Page 244
8.2 Asymmetric dependencies......Page 245
8.2.1 Antecedent precedes anaphor......Page 246
8.2.2 Subjects precede direct objects......Page 247
8.2.3 Topic to the left of a dependent predication......Page 254
8.2.4 Restrictive before appositive relatives......Page 259
8.3 Symmetrical dependencies......Page 261
8.4 A hypothesis for symmetries and asymmetries......Page 263
8.5 Morphosyntactic asymmetries......Page 265
8.6 Processing in relation to antisymmetry in formal grammar......Page 270
9 Conclusions......Page 274
9.1 Support for the PGCH......Page 275
9.2 The performance basis of grammatical generalizations......Page 278
9.3 The ultimate causality of the performance–grammar preferences......Page 284
9.4 Some further issues......Page 289
9.5 Acquisition and learnability......Page 291
References......Page 296
G......Page 314
M......Page 315
Z......Page 316
I......Page 318
Z......Page 319
E......Page 320
P......Page 321
Z......Page 322
