Effective Waste Management and Circular Economy: Legislative Framework and Strategies

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword and Introduction
Acknowledgements
Editors
Contributors
Section I: Legal Framework, Strategies in Waste Management and Circular Economy
1. Pollution-Specific Appraisal of Surface Water Quality with Limited Resource Approach: A Meso-Scaled Study of the Durgapur Industrial Region, West Bengal, India
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methods: Cost-Effective Monitoring Strategies
1.3 Surface Water Pollution Assessment
1.4 Assessing Issues of Effluents Management from Firm’s Perspective
1.4.1 Result
1.5 Alarming Parameters
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
1.7 Recommendations
1.8 Biodegradation of Oil, Grease and Fat in the Surface Water
1.8.1 Oilzapper, Oilivorous-S and Oilivorous-A
1.9 Phytoremediation and Riparian Buffer Zone
1.9.1 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP)
1.10 Limitations of the Study
Acknowledgements
References
2. Emissions from the Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste: Effects of Legal and Technological Progress
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Legislative Support to Curb Marine Littering through Wastes Co-processing by Promoting Circular Economy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Objective
3.3 Legislations, Regulation and Policy Instruments to Monitor Marine Littering
3.3.1 European Union
3.3.2 In Other Countries
3.4 Integrated Waste Management Options
3.4.1 Co-processing in Cement Kilns
3.4.2 Global Status of Co-processing Technology in Cement Kiln
3.4.3 Legislative Framework on Co-processing
3.5 Discussion and Analysis
3.5.1 SWOT Analysis on Implemented Legislations on Co-processing of Waste in Cement Kiln
3.5.2 Proposed Model for Prevention of Marine Littering through Legislations and Regulations
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
4. Waste Segregation at the Source in Germany: A Key Component of Sustainable Waste Management Systems
4.1 Development, Status and Prospects of the Waste Management System
4.2 From Waste Disposal to Recycling
4.3 Climate and Resource Protection Are Gaining Importance
4.4 High Recycling Rates – On the Path to Material Flow Management
4.5 Separate Collection, Treatment and Utilisation
4.5.1 Legal Background and Importance for Resources and Climate Protection
4.5.2 German Concept for Waste Separation
4.6 Conclusion
Literature
5. A Study on the Legal and Administrative Support for Proper Management of World-Famous Shri Jagannath Temple at Puri
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Review of Literature
5.3 Objectives
5.4 Methodology
5.5 The Study
5.6 Sources of Waste from Shree Jagannath Temple
5.7 Management of Waste Inside Shree Jagannath Temple
5.8 Work Done by Various Agencies on Waste Management in Puri
5.9 Bio Composting – Solid Waste Management
5.10 Shri Jagannath Temple Act 1954 (Odisha Act 11 of 1955)
5.10.1 Orissa Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1956
5.10.2 Coastal Regulation Zone
5.10.3 Orissa Irrigation Act 1959
5.10.4 Sweet Water Zone Notification
5.10.5 Tourism Policy
5.10.6 Puri Konark Development Authority
5.10.7 Puri Municipality
5.10.8 Public Health Engineering Organization
5.10.9 Odisha Water Supply and Sewerage Board (OWSSB)
5.10.10 Odisha State Archaeology
5.10.11 Nabakalebara Projects
5.11 AMRUT Scheme
5.11.1 Urban Transport
5.11.2 Water Supply
5.11.3 Sewerage
5.11.4 Seepage
5.11.5 Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive (PRASAD)
5.12 Conclusion
References
6. Gate-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrothermal Carbonization Process for Food and Yard Waste
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment
6.2.1.1 Goal and Scope Definition
6.2.1.2 Functional Unit
6.2.1.3 System Boundary
6.3 Process Description
6.3.1 Data Collection
6.3.2 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis
6.3.3 Calculations
6.3.4 Inventory Data
6.3.5 Advantages of HTC over Pyrolysis
6.4 Impact Categories
6.5 Impact Assessment Results
6.6 Applications of HTC Secondary Products
6.7 Conclusions and Future Implications
Acknowledgement
References
7 Waste Monitoring and Management: Strategies, Innovations and Safety Considerations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Waste-Management Regulations and Innovations in Treatment
7.3 Potential Risks to Human Health and Environment
7.4 Phthalates, Bisphenol A and Other Contaminants
7.5 Identification of Phthalates
7.6 Implications on Marine Organisms and Biodiversity
7.7 Paradigm Shift in Innovative Designing or Plastic Products for Environmental Sustainability and Minimization of Adverse Implications
7.8 Interventions for Better Quality of Life
References
8. Waste Management Strategy of SME Sector towards Environmental Sustainability
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Research Gap and Development of the Model
8.4 Research Discussion
8.5 Research Methodology
8.5.1 Research Design
8.5.2 Development of Questionnaire Based on Identified Parameters
8.5.3 Sample Size
8.5.4 Method
8.5.5 Reliability Measure
8.6 Analysis
8.6.1 Analysis Stage I
8.6.2 Analysis Stage II
8.6.3 Analysis - Stage III
8.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
9. A Robotic Trajectory Planning Technique for Smooth Maneuvering of Autonomous Waste-Management Equipment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theoretical Formulation and Modeling
9.2.1 Defining Bezier Curves
9.2.2 Joining and Subdivision of Bezier Curves
9.2.3 Computing Arc Length
9.2.4 Curve Fitting Using nth-Order Bezier Curve
9.2.5 Time Frame in the Designed Trajectory
9.2.6 Optimizing the Designed Trajectory
9.2.7 Algorithm for Implementation
9.3 Simulation Results and Discussion
9.4 Conclusion
References
Section II: Circular Economy Adoption in Waste Management
10. Sustainable Waste Management towards Circular Economy in Nigerian Context: Challenges, Prospects and Way Forward
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Review
10.3 Methodology
10.3.1 Challenges
10.3.2 Prospects from Sustainable Waste Management towards Circular Economy
10.4 Way Forward
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Indonesia Main (City- Level) Waste Bank for Waste Management toward Circular Economy: A Case Study of Bandung City
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Theoretical Framework
11.2.1 Waste Bank: An Overview
11.2.2 Circular Economy
11.2.3 Community Empowerment
11.3 Methods
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
12. Sustainable Methodology for Mechanised Segregation of Legacy Waste and Reclamation of Landfill Area
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sustainable Methodology
12.2.1 Mechanised Segregation of Legacy Waste
12.2.2 Disposal of Biodegradable/Biodegraded Waste
12.2.3 Disposal of Polymeric Waste
12.2.4 Management of C&D Waste and Reclamation of Landfill Area
12.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Section III: Use of Mathematical and Statistical Modelling in Setting Waste Management Strategies
13. Phenol Adsorption by Biological and Industrial Wastes and ANN Modeling
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Material and Method
13.2.1 Chemicals and Equipment
13.2.2 Adsorbate (Phenol Solution) Preparation
13.2.3 Adsorbent Preparation
13.2.3.1 Guava Tree Bark
13.2.3.2 Rice Husk
13.2.3.3 Neem Leaves
13.2.3.4 Activated Carbon from Coconut Coir
13.2.3.5 Rice Husk Ash
13.2.3.6 Red Mud
13.2.3.7 Clarified Sludge from Basic Oxygen Furnace
13.2.3.8 Activated Alumina
13.2.4 Adsorbent Characterization
13.2.5 Adsorption Experiments—Batch Studies
13.3 Results and Discussions
13.3.1 Adsorbent Characterizations
13.3.1.1 Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM)
13.3.1.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
13.3.1.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR)
13.3.2 Physical Characteristics of Adsorbents
13.3.3 Adsorption Experiments
13.3.3.1 Variation of pH
13.3.3.2 Variation of Time
13.3.3.3 Variation of Dose
13.3.3.4 Variation of Temperature
13.3.3.5 Variation of Phenol Concentration
13.4 ANN Modeling
13.5 Scale-Up Process Design
13.6 Safe Disposal of Spent Adsorbent
13.7 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
References
14. Achieving Consistency of Judgment Matrix in Analytical Hierarchy Process
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology
14.3 Algorithm: Improving Inconsistency of PCM
14.4 Numerical Examples: Method Validation
14.5 Demonstration of Proposed Algorithm Using a Hypothetical Case Study
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Approach for Indexing Site Selection Criteria and Its Suitability for Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.2.1 Site Selection Approach Evaluation and Its Criteria to Establish TSDF
15.3 Discussion
15.3.1 The Significant Role of TSDF in Hazardous Waste Management
15.3.2 Present Scenario in the Sustainable Management of HW
15.4 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgement
References
16. Using a Composite Index to Assess the Sustainable Urban Access to Basic Services and Solid-Waste Management
16.1 Background
16.1.1 Benchmarking Indian Cities on Basic Urban Infrastructure
16.1.2 Nature of Urban Crisis in India
16.1.2.1 Privatization and Commercialization of Infrastructure
16.1.2.2 Urban Finance Restricted to Large Cities
16.1.2.3 Basic Services
16.2 Research Methodology
16.2.1 Obtaining the Model
16.2.1.1 Access to Basic Services
16.3 Data Collection
16.3.1 Sampling Universe
16.3.2 State of Odisha
16.4 Data Analysis
16.4.1 Normalization
16.4.2 Linear Aggregation
16.5 Results Analysis and Discussion
16.5.1 Diagnosis of Weak Sectors for the Cities
16.6 Conclusion and Practical Significance of the Model
References
17. Adsorption of Ammonia Using Cost-Effective Waste Camellia sinensis: Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Regression Methods by Error Analysis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Material and Methods
17.2.1 Adsorbent Preparation
17.2.2 Equilibrium Studies
17.2.3 Isotherm Modelling
17.2.4 Error Analysis
17.3 Result and Discussion
17.4 Conclusion
References
18. A Decision Support System for Environment-Friendly Sustainable Model of IT Service Sector Industries
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Literature Survey
18.3 Research Gap
18.4 Research Objective
18.5 Research Methodology
18.5.1 Questionnaire Design
18.5.2 Methodology of Analyses
18.6 Findings
18.6.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis: Environmental Perspective
18.6.2 Output Factor Analysis-Environmental Perspective
18.7 Conclusion
References
Section IV: Case Studies on WM, Sanitation and Hygiene
19. Synergistic Interaction among Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) for Sustainable Solid-Waste Management
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 Materials
19.2.2 Characterization Methods
19.2.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
19.2.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction
19.2.3 Mechanical Testing of Specimens
19.2.3.1 Compressive Strength Test
19.2.3.2 Split Tensile Strength Test
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Research Funding
Disclosure Statement
References
20. Challenges to Ensure Healthy Living through Sanitation and Hygiene Coverage: Study on Narail District, Bangladesh
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Review of Literature
20.3 Research Question
20.4 Objectives
20.5 Study Area
20.6 Materials and Methods
20.6.1 Sample Size and Selection Procedure
20.6.2 Tools and Methods of Data Collection
20.7 Result and Discussion
20.7.1 Quality of Water Supply Options
20.7.2 Sanitation Status
20.7.3 Overall Health Situation of the Study Area
20.8 Conclusion
20.9 Recommendations
Appendix: Environment and Population Research Centre (EPRC)
References
21. Circular Economy of Agriculture Wastes in Plastic Alternatives for Food Packaging
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Plastic Packages
21.1.2 Alternatives of Plastics
21.1.3 Bio-plastics
21.1.4 Biodegradable Plastics
21.1.5 Bio-Based Plastics
21.1.6 Why Bio-plastic?
21.2 Methods of Manufacturing of Bio-plastic
21.2.1 Manufactured from Microorganisms
21.2.2 Manufactured from Plants
21.2.3 Types of Bio-Plastic Are Based On
21.2.3.1 Advantages of Bio-Plastics (Srikanth, 2011; Richard &
Kirwan, 2011; Chen, 2014; Ying, 2014)
21.2.3.2 Disadvantages of Bio-Plastics
21.2.4 Dynamic Growth and Sustainable Development
21.2.5 Bio-plastic Processing
21.2.6 The Influences of Biodegradable Bio-Plastic (BDP) (Tobias et al., 2019)
21.2.6.1 Recycling
21.2.6.2 Combustion with Energy Recovery
21.2.6.3 Landfill
21.2.6.4 Biological Waste Treatments
21.2.7 Agriculture Wastes Used in Production of Bio-Plastic
21.2.8 Recommendations Regarding Bio-plastics
21.3 Conclusion
References
22. Meta-Analysis of Studies on Solid Waste Management in the Philippines
22.1 Introduction
22.2 State of the Art
22.3 Results and Discussion
22.4 Research Gaps
22.5 Conclusion
22.6 Scope for Future Research Work
Acknowledgements
References
23. Management of Urban Flood-Induced Solid Waste in Some Metropolitan Cities: An Overview
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Urban Flooding
23.3 Causes of Urban Flooding
23.4 Consequences of Urban Flooding
23.5 Classification of Flood Waste
23.6 Flood Waste Management
23.7 Flood Disaster Risk Management
23.8 Design and Management of Urban Drainage System
23.9 Conclusions
References
24. Study of Some Polymeric Coagulants Using Spent Tea Leaves as a Source of Natural Dye Supporting Circular Economy Concepts
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Materials and Methods
24.2.1 Extraction and Preparation of Dye from STL
24.2.2 Degumming of Silk Fibre
24.2.3 Mordanting and Dyeing of Silk Fibre
24.2.4 Assessment of Dye Receptivity in Terms of K/S
24.2.5 Determination of Colourfastness
24.2.6 Estimation of Exhaustion and Concentration of Dye in the Effluent
24.3 Results and Discussion
24.3.1 Dyeing of Silk with Natural Dyes and Dye Uptake Measurement
24.3.2 Effects of the Mordants on Colourfastness
24.3.3 Exhaustion and Concentration of Dye in the Effluent
24.3.4 Policies, Strategies and the Concept of Circular Economy in Utilizing STL in Textile Industries
24.4 Conclusion
References
Index