Education and Solidarity in the European Union: Europe’s Lost Spirit

Contents
1 Introduction
Structure of the Book
Bibliography
Part I Education in the European Union
2 Education and the European “Idea” (1945–1956)
The Impetus to Uniting Europe
European Spirit and Consciousness: Building Solid Foundations
Appealing to the Educators: Developing European Spirit Through Education
Youth Engagement
Teaching the Teachers
Exchange of People and of Knowledge
Creating Educational Institutions
Vocational Education for Skills Training and Adult Education
Education in the Western European Union
Bibliography
3 The Road to a European Community Education Policy (1957–1970)
The Rome Treaties
The Common Agricultural Policy
Vocational Educational Training
The Treaty of Rome and Education
Recognising Qualifications and Diplomas
University Exchanges
Developing Deeper Cooperation in Education
Research Cooperation
University Cooperation
Bibliography
4 Developing a Community Level Education Policy, 1971–Present
The 1970s: Facing Challenges
Facing Economic Crisis
Migration
Education Becoming a Player in Facilitating the European Project
Free Movement
Educational Mobility
Increased Academic Collaboration
The “Janne Report”
A Formal Place for Education in the European Commission: The 1970s
The Action Programmes
The 1980s: Overcoming Recession
Legal Cases that Changed the Course of Education at European Level
The Erasmus Programme
Launching New Education and Training Action Programmes
Resolutions on the European Dimension in Education (24 May 1988)
The 1990s: Maastricht Treaty and a European Dimension in Education
The 1995 White Paper on Education and Training; Teaching and Learning: Towards the Learning Society
The 2000–2010; the Lisbon Strategy
The 2010–2020; Europe 2020 Strategy
Bibliography
5 An Intellectual Hub for Europe: The College of Europe and the European University
A European University: The Birth of an Idea to Create a European People
Setting Up the College of Europe
Defining a Mission for the College of Europe
Studying at the College of Europe
European Training at the College of Europe
Governance and Funding of the College of Europe
The European University: A Relaunch in the Community Sphere
National Interests and Contrasting Opinions on the European University Project
Drawing Up Concrete Proposals for a European University
A Shift in Orientation: From Community-Led to Intergovernmental
The Establishment of the European University Institute
The European University Project’s Main Obstacles
Room for Two? The Coexistence of the College of Europe and the European University
Final Thoughts
Bibliography
6 Education: A Complicated Policy Field
Neofunctionalism and Education
Intergovernmentalism and Education
Statism
States and the Distinctive Nature of Education Policy
Diversity Between States
Diversity Within States
Diverse Reactions Towards European-Level Education
Re-establishing Reputation
The Temporal Nature of Policy Development
The Importance of Context
Final Thoughts
Bibliography
Part II Solidarity: Between Theory and Practice
7 Understanding European Solidarity, Spirit and Identity: Theory
Introduction to European Solidarity
(Social) Theories of Solidarity
Calling on Hegel to Understand the Role of Spirit
Habermas’s Approach to Identity
The Transformation of the Public Sphere
Communicative Action
Learning Processes
Democracy and Citizenship
Habermas’s European Focus
Unpacking European Solidarity in Practice
Common Values and Goals
Risk Sharing
Equality
Trust
Bibliography
8 An Introduction to Europe’s Decade of Crises: Solidarity in Practice
Introduction
Crisis After Crisis
Financial Crises
The EU’s Economic and Monetary Union
The Global Financial Crisis
The European Sovereign Debt Crisis
Consequences
The European Migrant Crisis
Origins of the Migrant Crisis
Migration Routes and Figures
Impact on Member States and EU Responses
Public Attitudes Towards the European Migrant Crisis
Democracy and Legitimacy
Democratic Dissatisfaction
Populism
The EU as a Scapegoat
Disintegration
Defining Disintegration
Brexit
Case Studies
Case Study One: The UK’s exit from the European Union
The Road to the Referendum
British Public Attitudes Towards the European Union and European Affairs
Identity and Immigration
Trust, Democracy and Education
Political Alienation and Populism
Concluding Thoughts: Case Study One
Case Study Two: Refugee arrivals in Italy
Lampedusa, the Gateway to Europe
Citizens and Immigrants: An Uneasy Coexistence
When Lampedusa, and the Country, Turned Against the System
Concluding Thoughts: Case Study Two
Bibliography
Part III The Entwinement of Solidarity and Education in the European Union
9 Past and Present Challenges, and Future Opportunities, for Engaging Education to Address the Solidarity Crisis
Introduction: Why Does the EU Really Need Solidarity?
What Are the Barriers to Building European Solidarity and the Implications of Education as a Tool?
Nationalism
Identity
Domestic Interest
Shifts in the Composition of National Societies
Trust
Knowledge
Interdependence
Distinguishing “Real” Solidarity from “Artificial” Solidarity
Solidarity at the Individual Level
Solidarity at the Member State Level
Reframing the Problem of Achieving “Real” Solidarity with Education
The Core of the Problem
Re-transforming the Public Sphere: Individualism and Interdependence
Education Reframed
Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Higher Education
Citizenship Education
Non-formal and Informal Education
Final Thoughts and Policy Recommendations
Bibliography
10 Concluding Thoughts: Covid-19 Providing Yet Another Case Study or Impetus for EU Solidarity?
Index