This volume analyzes the ways in which natural resource wealth has shaped authoritarian political regimes and statist economic systems in the countries of southern Africa in the post-colonial period. It consists of five essays. The first sets out the historical framework and emergence of natural resources as the crucial driver of economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Three essays, drawing on in-country research, focus on Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. They show how this explains the economic evolution of those countries - in particular, the impacts of economic and institutional changes on the bulk of the population, the rural poor. The final essay explores the nature of the changes and their neoliberal economic context, and the ways in which their harmful consequences might be relieved.
Author(s): David Reed
Publisher: Routledge/Earthscan
Year: 2002
Language: English
Pages: 192
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Maps
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Introduction
Origins
From Analysis to Advocacy
A Broadened Perspective
The Analytical Approach
Limitations
Chapter 1: The Political Economy of Natural Resource Wealth
Natural Resource Wealth
The Scramble for Africa
Initial Returns
The World Wars and Between
Towards Decolonization
Economic Foundations of Authoritarianism
Rent-Seeking State Capitalism
Monopoly Production
Smallholder Commodity Production
Large-scale Commercial Agriculture
Authoritarian Regimes in Southern Mrica
(Un)intended Political Impacts of Structural Adjustment
Resistance
Enter the Technocrats
Good Governance
Natural Resource Wealth: Old Challenges in the New Millennium
Continued Dependence on Natural Resource Wealth
Terms of Trade and Market Fluctuations
Natural Resource Wealth and Rent Seeking
Challenges for Civil Society
Chapter 2: Tanzania
The Imperatives of Change
Agrarian Socialism and Authoritarianism
Structural Change and Natural Resource Sectors
Overcoming Resistance
Restructuring the Agricultural Sector
Opening the Mining Sector
Expanding Tourism
The Economic Impact of the Structural Reforms on Mining and Tourism
The Promise of Continuing Change
Benefits and Beneficiaries
Costs and Their Distribution
The Political Realm
A Tentative Balance Sheet
Chapter 3: Zambia
Constructing the Authoritarian Regime
Economic and Resource Policy Under Kaunda and UNIP
The Imperative to Adjust
Collapse of the Copper Economy
The Reform Package
Institutional Reforms for Rural Communities
Structural Dualism
UNIP's Institutional Grip
The MMD's Turn
Impact of Reforms on Deep Rural Areas
Opportunities and Growing Conflicts
Dismantling Dualism: to Whose Benefit?
Towards a New Authoritarianism?
A Tentative Balance Sheet
Chapter 4: Zimbabwe
The Foundations of Conflict
Settler Colonialism
Unilateral Declaration Oflndependence (UDI)
Independence
Economic Reforms
The Need to Reform
Impact of Structural Reforms on Tourism
Three Local Experiences
Under Adjustment's Shadow
Political Manipulation of the Land Question
Towards Resolution or Protracted Conflict?
Chapter 5: Natural Resource Wealth in the Construction of Neoliberal Economies in Southern Africa
What Groups or Economic Agents Have Gained or Lost Control over Natural Resources in the Context of Economic Reforms?
From the State to Private Economic Agents
Transfer of Traditionally Managed Resources to Private Control
Transfer Among Private Owners
Through What Processes, Policies and Relations Have These Groups Acquired or Lost Control over Natural Resources?
Establishing the Neoliberal Policy Context
Providing Guarantees and Incentives
Institutional Reforms
Corruption and Collusion
Coercion
Will Those Changes Promote Sustainable Development Paths by Promoting Environmental Sustainability, Enhancing Social Equity and Increasing Governments' Public Accountability?
Environmental Sustainability
Enhancing Social Equity
Political Accountability and Transparency
Pursuing Reforms Without a National Consensus
Misplaced Policies
Misplaced Priorities
Missing Factor in the Development Equation
By Way of Recommendations
The Bretton Woods Institutions
Strengthening the Role of Civil Society
Guiding Principles: Natural Resource Wealth and the Rural Poor
Notes and References
Index
