Ecological Traits and Genetic Variation in Amazonian Populations of the Neotropical Millipede Poratia Obliterata

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Author(s): NATALIE G. R. BERGHOLZ
Publisher: Pemsoft
Year: 2007

Language: English
Pages: 198

Contents......Page 10
Editorial......Page 6
1.1.1 Geology of the Amazon Basin......Page 14
1.1.2 Climate......Page 16
1.1.4 Seasonal Inundation Forests......Page 17
1.3 Survival Strategies in Central Amazonian Floodplains......Page 27
1.4.3.1 Classification and Speciation......Page 30
1.4.4 Technique......Page 32
1.4.5 Appraisal: Choice of an Appropriate Marker......Page 33
1.2.1.1 Systematics......Page 18
1.2.1.2 Basic Anatomy......Page 19
1.2.1.3 Characterisation......Page 20
1.2.1.4 Development......Page 21
1.2.1.5 Ecology......Page 22
1.2.2 Origin and Range of P. obliterata Populations......Page 24
1.2.3 Biotope-Related Adaptation and Speciation?......Page 25
2.2 Part II: Genetic Variation......Page 34
3.1.1.1 Várzea......Page 36
3.1.1.2 Igapó......Page 39
3.1.1.3 Várzea & Igapó......Page 42
3.1.1.4.1 Banana Plantation at CPPA/Embrapa......Page 45
3.1.1.4.2 Upland Forest Reserve ‘Reserva A. Ducke’......Page 46
3.1.2.1 Inundation Forests......Page 47
3.1.4 Determination of Humidity in Microhabitats......Page 48
3.1.5 Identification of Collected Millipedes......Page 49
3.1.6.2 Reproduction Experiment......Page 50
3.1.7 Data Analysis and Statistics......Page 53
3.2.1.1 Precipitation......Page 55
3.2.1.2 Water Level......Page 56
3.2.1.3 Minimum Flood Period at Study Sites......Page 57
3.2.1.4 Humidity in the Microhabitat......Page 59
3.2.2.2 Other Millipede Species......Page 60
3.2.3.1.1 Seasonal Vertical Migration......Page 61
3.2.3.1.2 Preferred Microhabitats and Gregarious Behaviour......Page 62
3.2.4.1.1 Inundation Forests......Page 80
3.2.4.2.1 Inundation Forests......Page 85
3.2.4.2.2 Banana Plantation......Page 87
3.2.5.1 Flooding Experiment......Page 88
3.2.5.2 Reproduction Experiment......Page 90
3.3.1 Abundance in Different Biotopes......Page 98
3.3.2.1 Seasonal Vertical Migration......Page 101
3.3.2.2.1 Choice of Adequate Microhabitats......Page 105
3.3.2.2.2 Gregarious Behaviour......Page 108
3.3.2.2.3 Species Interactions......Page 111
3.3.2.3.1 Life Cycle in the Field......Page 114
3.3.2.3.2 Evolution of the Univoltine Life Cycle......Page 118
3.3.2.3.3 Regulation by Maternal Effects......Page 119
3.3.2.3.4 External Cues for Reproduction and Development......Page 122
3.3.3 Synopsis......Page 126
4.1.1 Sample Collection......Page 128
4.1.2.1 Sample Preparation......Page 129
4.1.2.2 Preparation of the Agarose Gel......Page 132
4.1.2.4 Staining Procedure......Page 133
4.1.3 Data Analysis and Statistics......Page 134
4.2.1 Zymograms......Page 135
4.2.2 Allelic Variation within and among Biotope Types......Page 136
4.2.4 Effective Number of Alleles per Locus......Page 139
4.2.6.1 Within-Subpopulation Variance of Genetic Diversity......Page 140
4.2.6.2 Genetic Variability between Subpopulations......Page 144
4.2.6.3 Genotypic Distinction of Biotope Types......Page 151
4.2.7 Population Genetic Structure......Page 152
4.2.8 Isolation by Distance and Effective Number of Migrants......Page 154
4.2.9 Cluster Analysis of Genetic Similarity......Page 156
4.3.1.1 Concept of Dispersal......Page 159
4.3.1.3.1 Random Mating and Outcrossing......Page 160
4.3.1.3.2 Gene Flow and Population Subdivision......Page 162
4.3.1.3.3 Unidirectional Dispersal and Biotope-Related Differentiation......Page 164
4.3.1.4 Local Adaptation versus Phenotypic Plasticity......Page 166
4.3.2 Allozyme Variability within Populations of P. obliterata......Page 169
4.3.3 Synopsis......Page 170
5 Conclusions......Page 172
6 Acknowledgements......Page 174
7 References......Page 176