The goal of this one-of-a-kind book was to provide a critical and in-depth understanding of various AVS-SEM models as predictors for assessing the ecological impact of heavy metals (particularly dibasic cations; Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb) on aquatic environments, including the theories underlying these models, descriptive equations, modes of action, methodology, efficiency, applicability, and statistical approaches, as well as comparison with other pollution assessment techniques in the aquatic environments. Metals in interstitial water can be reduced in sediments that co-precipitate with iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in FeS or MnS minerals, as well as replace them. This book outlines a system that can be used to track heavy metal contamination in countries with coastal regions that extend over water bodies that are subjected to pollution sources, such as the Mediterranean Basin countries. Moreover, this book will be of great interest to academics, professionals, practitioners, post-graduate students (M.Sc. and Ph.D.), and undergraduates because it gives a clear overview of heavy metal assessment for people interested in environmental studies focusing on the marine environment. It also provides decision-makers with a realistic perspective of the environmental file, allowing them to address environmental issues and directing stockholders to safer locations for environmental activity. From a future perspective, management is advised to overcome the difficulties within that technique, such as accurate handling procedures and different approaches to sampling onshore and offshore. Sequential leaching strategies, especially geochemical fractionation analysis, and knowledge of the interactions and significance of AVS in the marine sector, especially toxicity tests (bioassay) are recommended.
Author(s): Gehan Mohamed El Zokm
Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences Library
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 117
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to the Significant Impact of AVS on Controlling the Metal Toxicity Regarding Sulfur Cycle
1.1 Definition of AVS and SEM
1.2 Impacts of Sulfide on Metal Toxicity
1.3 AVS as a Predicter for Metal’s Future Bioavailability and Toxicity
1.4 AVS Sources; Aller’s Relationships for Natural Sulfidic Systems
1.5 Sulfate Reducing Prokaryrotes (SRP) Behaviour
1.6 Equilibrium of AVS System in Sediment
1.7 In-Depth Sulfur Cycle Analysis Regarding Different Literature
1.8 Cryptic Sulfur Cycling
1.9 Sulfur Diagenesis in Marine Sediments (Assimilatory–Dissimilatory)
1.10 Effects of Climate Change on Marine Biogenic Sulfur Cycle
References
2 Chemistry of Sulfur Components and Factors Controlling AVS Concentrations in Marine Environment
2.1 The Chemistry of Sulfides in Aqueous Solutions
2.2 An Overview of Potency AVS Components of Sediments
2.3 Factors that Affect AVS Concentrations and Their Mode of Action
2.3.1 Sulfate Reduction Rate
2.3.2 Oxidation–Reduction Chemistry of AVS During Analysis
2.3.3 Seasonal Variation
2.4 Mechanisms Controlling Sulfide Production in Marine Environment Highlighted Mn and Fe Roles
2.4.1 Sulfide Oxidation Mechanisms
References
3 Experimental Approach to Sampling, Storage, Extraction, Determination of AVS-SEM
3.1 Sampling Technique, Sediment Storage and Pretreatment
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Purge and Trap Method
3.2.2 Diffusion Method
3.3 Comparison of the Two Extraction Methods (Diffusion; Purge-and-Trap)
3.4 A New Paper Sensor Technology for Acid Volatile Sulfide Field Analysis
3.4.1 Procedure of the Sulfide Paper Sensor Method
3.4.2 Sulfide Paper Sensor and Purge-and-Trap Technique Comparison
3.5 Different Methods of Quantifications of S(–II)
References
4 AVS-SEM Models
4.1 The Mechanism Controlling AVS-SEM Systems
4.2 Acid Volatile Sulfide as a Heavy Metal Toxicity Controller in Marine Sediments
4.3 Profiles AVS and SEM with Depths (Core Sediment)
4.4 Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity
4.4.1 Assessment of Toxicity Using SEM-AVS Models
4.5 CSEM-Based Risk Quotient Model to Assess Metal Bioavailability in Sediments
4.6 Three Integrated Approaches: Eqpa, AVS and Sequential Extracted Technique Set by [56]
4.7 Model Describing Rapid Sulfide-Buffering Capacity
4.8 Structural Equation Modelling (Cutting‐Edge Modeling Technique)
4.9 Statistical Approaches
4.9.1 Correlation Analysis
4.9.2 Multiple Regression Analysis as a Powerful Tool to Predict Sediment Quality of Marine Environment Based on AVS, Metals, and Organic Matter
4.9.3 Principal Component-Factor Analysis
4.10 Approval of Various Assessment Techniques and Their Environmental Implications
4.11 Chemical Kinetic Models for AVS and SEM Dissolution
4.11.1 Deep Insight into Kinetic Reactions of Cd-AVS Through Solubility and Displacement
4.12 AVS/Fractionation Techniques
4.13 SEM/Total Metals
4.14 Bioassay
References
5 A Review and an Outlook “AVS-SEM” Studies in Egypt Compared to Aquatic Environment Around the World
5.1 Case Study 1 (Egypt; Variation of AVS/SEM in Coastal Lakes)
5.1.1 Sampling
5.1.2 Methodology
5.1.3 Results and Discussions
5.1.4 Statistical Analysis
5.1.5 Conclusion
5.2 Case Study 2 (China; AVS-SEM/PEL-TEL)
5.2.1 Sampling
5.2.2 Methodology
5.2.3 Results and Discussions
5.2.4 Conclusion
5.3 Case Study 3 (China; Antarctic Lake Core Sediments)
5.3.1 Sampling
5.3.2 Methodology
5.3.3 Results and Discussions
5.4 Case Study 4 (Egypt; Seasonal Variation of AVS-SEM/Fractionation)
5.4.1 Sampling
5.4.2 Methodology
5.4.3 Statistical Analysis
5.4.4 Conclusions
References
6 Update, Conclusions, Recommendations, Future Perspective and Challenges
6.1 Update
6.2 Conclusions
6.3 Recommendations
6.4 Future Perspective
6.5 Challenges
References
