The East Asian summer monsoon has complex space and time structures that are distinct from the South Asian summer monsoon. It covers both subtropics and midlatitudes and its rainfall tends to be concentrated in rain belts that stretch for many thousands of kilometers and affect China, Japan, Korea, and the surrounding areas. The circulation of the East Asian winter monsoon encompasses a large meridional domain with cold air outbreaks emanating from the Siberian high and penetrates deeply into the equatorial Maritime Continent region, where the center of maximum rainfall has long been recognized as a major planetary scale heat source that provides a significant amount of energy which drives the global circulation during boreal winter. The East Asian summer monsoon is also closely linked with the West Pacific summer monsoon. Both are part of the global climate system and are affected by El NinoBSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) and surface temperature variations in the western Pacific and surrounding oceans, the tropospheric biennial oscillation, and the South Asian summer monsoon. In addition, typhoons in the western North Pacific are most active during the East Asian summer monsoon. They may be considered as a component of the East Asian summer monsoon as they contribute substantial amounts of rainfall and have major impacts on the region. Because of its impacts on nearly one-third of the world's population and on the global climate system (including effects on the climate change), the study of the East Asian monsoon has received increased attention both in East Asian countries and in the United States. This book presents reviews of recent research on the subject.
Author(s): C. P. Chang
Year: 2004
Language: English
Pages: 564
PREFACE......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
Part I East Asian Summer and Winter Monsoon......Page 10
1. Introduction......Page 12
2. Climatological Aspects of the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea......Page 15
3. The Onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon during the 1998 SCSMEX......Page 30
4. Seasonal Advance and Retreat of the East-Asian Summer Monsoon......Page 38
5. The Climatological Aspect of the Moisture Transport of the East-Asian Summer Monsoon......Page 45
6. Summary and Discussion of the Physical Processes and Mechanisms Related to the Onset and the Seasonal March of the East Asian Summer Monsoon......Page 50
Acknowledgements......Page 58
References......Page 59
1. Introduction......Page 63
2. Climatology of the East Asia Winter......Page 64
3. Monsoon Surges......Page 71
4. Explosive Cyclogenesis off the East Asian Continent......Page 88
5. Variations of the EAWM......Page 93
6. Overall Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 110
References......Page 111
3. MARITIME CONTINENT MONSOON: ANNUAL CYCLE AND BOREAL WINTER VARIABILITY......Page 116
1. Introduction......Page 117
2. Annual Cycle and Seasonal March of Rainfall......Page 118
3. Interannual Variations......Page 133
4. Boreal Winter Convection and Synoptic and Intraseasonal Variations......Page 145
Acknowledgements......Page 157
References......Page 158
Part II Interannual Variations......Page 162
1. Introduction......Page 164
2. Interannual Variability of the ASM......Page 166
3. Teleconnection Dynamics......Page 170
4. Extratropical Climate Modes......Page 177
5. ASM Rainfall Predictability......Page 180
6. Conclusions......Page 184
References......Page 185
1. Introduction......Page 188
2. Spatial-Temporal Structures of the EASM Variability......Page 192
3. Impact of El Niño (La Niña) on the EA-WNP Monsoon......Page 198
4. Impacts of the East Asian Monsoon on ENSO Evolution......Page 204
5. Interdecadal Changes of the EAM-ENSO Relationship......Page 211
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 215
References......Page 217
1. Introduction......Page 224
2. Intraseasonal Variability of the Summer Monsoon over China......Page 226
3. Interannual Variability of the Summer Monsoon over China......Page 239
4. Interdecadal Variation of the Summer Monsoon over China......Page 247
5. The East Asian Climate System and its Impact on the Interannual Variations of the Summer Monsoon over China......Page 253
6. Interdecadal Variability of the East Asian Climate System and its Impact on the Summer Monsoon over China......Page 268
7. Summary and Discussion......Page 274
References......Page 275
Part III General Circulation Modeling......Page 280
1. Introduction......Page 282
2. Experimental Design......Page 285
3. Model and Observed Climatology......Page 286
4. Composite Atmospheric Anomalies in Selected ENSO Episodes......Page 289
5. Evolution of SST and Surface Fluxes over the Western Pacific during ENSO......Page 295
6. Nature of ENSO-Induced Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling over the Western Pacific......Page 298
7. Discussion......Page 305
Acknowledgments......Page 309
References......Page 310
1. Introduction......Page 312
2. Experimental Set Up and Data......Page 313
3. Climatological Summer Mean Precipitation......Page 315
4. Climatological Variations from May to September......Page 319
5. ENSO Anomalies during 1997-98......Page 326
6. Monsoon Variability during 1997-98......Page 331
7. Summary and Discussion......Page 337
Acknowledgments......Page 338
References......Page 339
1. Introduction......Page 343
2. Model Description......Page 345
3. Sensitivity of the Asian monsoon Simulation to the Horizontal Resolution and the Fluxes between Atmosphere and Land Surface......Page 346
4. Sensitivity of the Estimation of Surface Fluxes over the Asian monsoon Regions to Horizontal Resolution......Page 353
5. Impacts of Land Surface Process and SST in the Simulation......Page 356
6. Summary......Page 362
References......Page 363
Part IV Synoptic and Mesoscale Processes......Page 366
1. Introduction......Page 368
2. Climatological Characteristics......Page 373
3. The Meiyu Front......Page 381
4. Low-Level Jet (LLJ)......Page 385
5. Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs)......Page 392
6. Disturbances in Meiyu Season......Page 396
7. Orographically Related Disturbances......Page 398
8. Concluding Remarks......Page 405
References......Page 406
1. Introduction......Page 415
2. Overview of the East Asia Monsoon in July 1991......Page 417
3. Seasonal Changes of the North Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone......Page 422
4. Large-Scale Circulation Systems around the Meiyu-Baiu Front......Page 423
5. Circulation Associated with the Meiyu-Baiu Front......Page 427
6. Influence of the Subtropical Anticyclone on the Meiyu-Baiu Front......Page 429
7. Moisture Transport and Moisture Balance in the Intense Precipitation Zone......Page 431
8. Vertical Stratification in and around the Meiyu-Baiu Frontal Zone......Page 433
9. Meiyu-Baiu Frontal Disturbances and Cloud-Precipitation Systems......Page 435
10. Family of Mesoscale Cloud Systems......Page 441
11. Summary and Conclusion......Page 442
Acknowledgments......Page 444
References......Page 445
1. Introduction......Page 447
2. Data and Analysis Procedures......Page 449
3. Large-Scale Evolution of the Flow and Convection during Onset......Page 451
4. Atmospheric Variability over the Northern South China Sea during the SCSMEX IOP......Page 452
5. Precipitation, Heating and Moistening Rates over the Northern South China Sea during Active Periods of the Monsoon......Page 458
6. Mesoscale Organization of Convection during Monsoon Onset......Page 463
7. Summary and Conclusions......Page 466
References......Page 468
Part V Interactions with Other Circulations......Page 472
1. Introduction......Page 474
2. Favorable Environmental Conditions for Tropical Cyclone Formation......Page 476
3. Tropical Cyclone Formation in a Monsoonal Environment......Page 481
4. Tropical Cyclone Motion in a Monsoonal Environment......Page 501
5. Concluding Remarks......Page 506
References......Page 507
14. FORMATION OF THE SUMMERTIME SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONES......Page 510
1. Introduction......Page 511
2. Dynamics of the Zonal Mean Subtropical Anticyclone......Page 513
3. Distribution of the Zonal Mean Subtropical High and the Hadley Circulation......Page 516
4. Thermal Adaptation and PV- Forcing......Page 519
5. Sensible Heating and Subtropical Anticyclone......Page 532
6. Radiative Cooling and Subtropical Anticyclone......Page 535
7. Condensation Heating and Subtropical Anticyclone......Page 539
8. Synthetic Heating and the Summertime Subtropical Anticyclones......Page 547
9. Discussions and Conclusions......Page 550
References......Page 551
1. Introduction......Page 556
2. Model Description......Page 557
3. Stationary Wave Features during East Asian Monsoon......Page 558
4. Maintenance and Seasonal Developments of the Stationary Waves......Page 563
5. Summary......Page 573
References......Page 574
