The recent discovery of diverse fossil flowers and floral organs in Cretaceous strata has revealed astonishing details about the structural and systematic diversity of early angiosperms. Exploring the rich fossil record that has accumulated over the last three decades, this is a unique study of the evolutionary history of flowering plants from their earliest phases in obscurity to their dominance in modern vegetation. The discussion provides comprehensive biological and geological background information, before moving on to summarise the fossil record in detail. Including previously unpublished results based on research into Early and Late Cretaceous fossil floras from Europe and North America, the authors draw on direct palaeontological evidence of the pattern of angiosperm evolution through time. Synthesising palaeobotanical data with information from living plants, this unique book explores the latest research in the field, highlighting connections with phylogenetic systematics, structure and the biology of extant angiosperms.
Author(s): Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane, Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2011
Language: English
Pages: 597
Tags: Биологические дисциплины;Ботаника;
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
1.1.1 Anthophytes and alternative patterns......Page 12
1.1.2 Relationships among living angiosperms......Page 14
1.1.3 Origin of the angiosperm flower......Page 16
1.2.1 Vegetative features......Page 17
1.2.2 Reproductive features......Page 19
1.3.1 Pre-Cretaceous angiosperms?......Page 27
1.3.2 The fossil record......Page 28
1.4.1 Increasing angiosperm diversity and abundance......Page 30
1.4.2 Co-evolution with animals: herbivory, dispersal and pollination......Page 31
2.1 Understanding the plant fossil record......Page 34
2.1.1 Fossil wood......Page 37
2.1.2 Fossil leaves......Page 38
2.1.3 Fossil reproductive structures......Page 40
2.1.4 Fossil pollen......Page 46
2.2 The adequacy of the angiosperm fossil record......Page 49
3.1.1 Geologic and geographic changes during the Cretaceous......Page 50
3.1.2 Early and mid-Cretaceous......Page 51
3.1.3 Late Cretaceous......Page 52
3.2.1 Palaeontological indicators of climate......Page 56
3.2.2 Geological indicators of climate......Page 58
3.3 Climate change during the Cretaceous......Page 61
3.3.1 Early and mid-Cretaceous......Page 62
3.3.2 Late Cretaceous......Page 63
3.4 Implications for angiosperm diversification......Page 64
4.1 The stratigraphic framework......Page 66
4.2 Key areas for Cretaceous angiosperms......Page 67
4.3.1 Portugal: Early Cretaceous localities......Page 68
4.3.2 Portugal, Late Cretaceous localities......Page 74
4.3.3 Spain......Page 75
4.3.4 The Czech Republic......Page 76
4.3.5 Austria......Page 77
4.3.6 Germany......Page 78
4.3.7 Great Britain......Page 79
4.3.8 Sweden......Page 81
4.4 Eastern North America......Page 83
4.4.1 Virginia......Page 85
4.4.2 Maryland and Washington, D.C.......Page 87
4.4.5 North Carolina......Page 88
4.4.7. Alabama......Page 89
4.5.1 Kansas and Nebraska......Page 90
4.5.3 Colorado, Montana, North and South Dakota and New Mexico......Page 91
4.6 Alaska......Page 92
4.8 Israel, Jordan and Lebanon......Page 93
4.9.1 Egypt and Sudan......Page 95
4.10 West Africa and Brazil......Page 96
4.10.1 West Africa......Page 97
4.10.2 Brazil......Page 98
4.11 Asia......Page 99
4.11.1 Kazakhstan......Page 100
4.11.3 Siberia, Northeastern Russia and the Far East of Russia......Page 102
4.11.4 Mongolia......Page 103
4.11.5 China......Page 104
4.11.6 Japan......Page 106
4.12.3 India......Page 107
4.12.4 Australia......Page 108
4.12.5 Antarctica......Page 109
4.12.7 Southern South America......Page 110
5.1 Angiosperms among extant and fossil seed plants......Page 112
5.2 Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales (BEG) group......Page 115
5.3 Gnetales......Page 116
5.3.1 Temporal and spatial patterns of gnetalean radiation......Page 117
5.3.2 Elaterates......Page 119
5.3.3 Gnetalean mesofossils and macrofossils......Page 120
5.4 Erdtmanithecales......Page 125
5.5 Unassigned dispersed seeds of the BEG group......Page 130
5.6 Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales)......Page 135
5.6.1 Permineralised material......Page 139
5.6.2 Compression material......Page 140
5.7 Pentoxylales......Page 141
5.8.1 Corystospermales and potentially related plants......Page 142
5.8.2 Caytoniales......Page 145
5.8.3 Peltaspermales......Page 148
5.8.4 Glossopteridales......Page 149
5.8.5 Czekanowskiales......Page 150
6.1 Hypotheses of seed plant relationships......Page 152
6.1.1 Cladistic hypotheses based on morphology......Page 155
6.1.2 Cladistic hypotheses based on molecular data......Page 159
6.1.3 Current status of phylogenetic studies......Page 160
6.2.1 The angiosperm flower......Page 161
6.2.2 The angiosperm stamen......Page 162
6.2.3 The angiosperm ovule......Page 163
6.2.5 Vegetative structure of angiosperms......Page 165
6.3.1 Implications of hypotheses of relationships......Page 166
6.3.3 Angiosperm age based on palaeobotanical data......Page 167
6.4 Pre-Cretaceous angiosperm-like fossils......Page 169
7.2 Phylogenetic studies of angiosperms based on molecular data......Page 174
7.3.2 Eumagnoliids......Page 175
7.3.4 Eudicots......Page 177
7.4 Angiosperm phylogeny: future directions......Page 178
7.5 Assignment of fossils to extant groups......Page 179
8.1.1 Fossils of uncertain relationships at the ANITA grade......Page 180
8.3.1 Hydatellaceae......Page 182
8.3.2 Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae......Page 183
8.4 Austrobaileyales......Page 187
8.4.2 Schisandraceae (including Illiciaceae)......Page 188
8.4.3 Trimeniaceae......Page 190
8.5 Chloranthaceae......Page 191
8.5.1 Asteropollis......Page 192
8.5.2 Hedyosmum-like flowers......Page 193
8.5.3 Chloranthistemon......Page 194
8.6 Ceratophyllaceae......Page 196
9.1.1 Bevhalstia......Page 200
9.1.2 Lappacarpus, Ievlevia, Donlesia and Beipiaoa......Page 201
9.2 Fossil flowers attached to inflorescences and stems......Page 203
9.2.1 Archaefructus......Page 204
9.2.2 Xingxueina and Caspiocarpus......Page 206
9.2.3 The Koonwarra fossil......Page 207
9.2.4 Myricanthium, Zlatkocarpus and other inflorescences from the Peruc flora......Page 208
9.2.5 Inflorescences from the Dakota Formation......Page 209
9.2.6 Other inflorescences......Page 210
9.3.1 Lesqueria elocata and other isolated reproductive structures......Page 211
9.4 Permineralised flowers......Page 212
9.5 Isolated angiosperm mesofossils......Page 213
9.5.1 Isolated flowers......Page 214
9.5.2 Isolated fruits and seeds......Page 216
9.6.1 Afropollis and Schrankipollis......Page 219
9.6.2 Asteropollis and Clavatipollenites......Page 221
9.6.3 Retimonocolpites, Brenneripollis and Pennipollis......Page 222
9.6.5 Stellatopollis......Page 223
9.6.6 Transitoripollis and Tucanopollis......Page 225
9.7 Fossil leaves of uncertain relationships......Page 226
10.1 Classification of eumagnoliids......Page 230
10.1.1 Fossil eumagnoliids of uncertain relationships......Page 231
10.2.1 Fossil Magnoliales of uncertain relationships......Page 234
10.2.3 Annonaceae......Page 235
10.2.5 Magnoliaceae......Page 237
10.3 Laurales......Page 242
10.3.1 Fossil Laurales of uncertain relationships......Page 243
10.3.3 Calycanthaceae......Page 244
10.3.5 Hernandiaceae......Page 246
10.3.6 Lauraceae......Page 247
10.3.7 Monimiaceae......Page 254
10.4.1 Canellaceae......Page 255
10.4.2 Winteraceae......Page 256
10.5.2 Aristolochiaceae......Page 257
10.5.3 Lactoridaceae......Page 258
10.5.6 Hydnoraceae......Page 259
11.1 Classification of monocots......Page 260
11.3.1 Dispersed leaves......Page 261
11.3.3 Reproductive structures......Page 263
11.4 Acorales......Page 266
11.5.1 Putative fossil Alismatales......Page 267
11.5.2 Araceae......Page 268
11.5.3 Alismataceae......Page 273
11.5.4 Butomaceae and Hydrocharitaceae......Page 275
11.5.5 Potamogetonoids......Page 276
11.7.2 Cyclanthaceae......Page 277
11.9 Asparagales......Page 278
11.10.1 Arecales......Page 279
11.10.2 Poales......Page 281
11.10.4 Zingiberales......Page 283
12.1 Classification of eudicots......Page 286
12.2 Early-diverging eudicots......Page 287
12.4.1 Early tricolpate pollen in dispersed palynofloras......Page 288
12.4.2 Early tricolpate pollen in situ in reproductive structures......Page 291
12.4.3 Fossil reproductive structures of probable eudicot relationships......Page 294
12.5.1 Berberidaceae......Page 300
12.5.4 Lardizabalaceae......Page 301
12.5.6 Papaveraceae......Page 302
12.6.1 Nelumbonaceae......Page 303
12.6.2 Platanaceae......Page 304
12.7 Sabiaceae......Page 312
12.8 Buxales......Page 314
12.8.1 Buxaceae......Page 318
12.9.1 Trochodendraceae......Page 319
13.1 Classification of core eudicots......Page 322
13.3 Gunnerales......Page 323
13.5 Berberidopsidales......Page 324
13.6 Santalales......Page 325
13.7 Caryophyllales......Page 326
13.8 Saxifragales......Page 327
13.8.1 Unassigned Saxifragales......Page 328
13.8.2 Altingiaceae......Page 331
13.8.4 Hamamelidaceae......Page 332
13.8.5 Haloragaceae and Crassulaceae......Page 334
13.8.7 Grossulariaceae......Page 335
13.8.9 Paeoniaceae......Page 336
14.2 Fossil evidence of rosids......Page 338
14.5.1 Celastrales......Page 340
14.5.3 Malpighiales......Page 341
14.6 The nitrogen-fixing clade......Page 343
14.6.1 Fabales......Page 344
14.6.2 Rosales......Page 345
14.6.4 Fagales......Page 347
14.6.5 Fossil Fagales of uncertain relationships......Page 348
14.6.6 Normapolles complex......Page 349
14.6.7 Nothofagaceae and Fagaceae......Page 360
14.6.8 Ticodendraceae, Betulaceae and Casuarinaceae......Page 361
14.6.9 Myricaceae, Rhoipteleaceae and Juglandaceae......Page 363
14.7.2 Myrtales......Page 365
14.7.4 Sapindales......Page 368
14.7.6 Brassicales......Page 369
14.7.7 Malvales......Page 370
15.1.1 Asterid fossils of uncertain relationships......Page 372
15.2.1 Fossil Cornales of uncertain relationships......Page 374
15.2.2 Cornaceae......Page 375
15.3 Ericales......Page 376
15.3.1 Ericalean fossils of uncertain relationships......Page 377
15.3.2 Pentaphylacaceae and Theaceae......Page 383
15.3.3 Core Ericales: Clethraceae, Cyrillaceae and Ericaceae......Page 384
15.3.4 Core Ericales: Sarraceniaceae, Actinidiaceae and Roridulaceae......Page 385
15.3.5 Ebenaceae and primuloids......Page 386
15.3.6 Symplocaceae, Diapensiaceae and Styracaceae......Page 388
15.4 Lamiids (Euasterids I)......Page 389
15.5 Boraginaceae, Icacinaceae and Vahliaceae......Page 390
15.7 Gentianales......Page 392
15.9 Campanulids (Euasterids II)......Page 393
15.10 Aquifoliales, Escalloniales and Asterales......Page 394
15.11 Bruniales, Apiales, Paracryphiales and Dipsacales......Page 396
16
Patterns of structural diversification in angiosperm reproductive organs......Page 398
16.1 Inflorescence structure......Page 399
16.2.1 Sex of flowers......Page 402
16.2.2 Receptacle, floral phyllotaxis and merism......Page 403
16.2.3 Position of floral organs......Page 405
16.2.4 Perianth......Page 406
16.2.5 Androecium......Page 411
16.2.6 Pollen......Page 415
16.2.7 Gynoecium......Page 419
16.2.8 Ovules and seeds......Page 421
16.3.1 Flower size......Page 423
16.3.2 Protection in floral bud......Page 424
16.3.3 Synorganisation of floral parts......Page 425
17.1.1 Pollination in Ginkgo and cycads......Page 426
17.1.3 Pollination in Gnetales......Page 427
17.2.2 Abiotic pollination......Page 428
17.2.3 Biotic pollination......Page 429
17.3.1 Thrip pollination and the fossil history of Thysanoptera......Page 430
17.3.3 Bee/wasp pollination and the fossil history of Hymenoptera......Page 432
17.3.4 Fly pollination and the fossil history of Diptera......Page 434
17.3.5 Butterfly/moth pollination and the fossil history of Lepidoptera......Page 436
17.4.1 Bird pollination and the fossil history of birds......Page 437
17.4.2 Mammal pollination and the fossil history of mammals......Page 438
17.5.1 Pollination in pre-angiosperm vegetation......Page 439
17.5.2 Pollination in Early Cretaceous angiosperms......Page 443
17.5.3 Pollination in mid-Cretaceous angiosperms......Page 448
17.5.4 Pollination in Late Cretaceous angiosperms......Page 450
17.5.5 Pollination in Cenozoic angiosperms......Page 451
17.6 Large-scale trends in the history of angiosperm pollination......Page 452
18.1.1 Dispersal in cycads......Page 456
18.1.3 Dispersal in conifers......Page 457
18.2 Dispersal in extant angiosperms......Page 458
18.3 Animal dispersers......Page 459
18.3.2 Vertebrates......Page 460
18.4.1 Dispersal in pre-angiosperm vegetation......Page 461
18.4.2 Dispersal in Early Cretaceous angiosperms......Page 462
18.4.3 Dispersal in mid-Cretaceous angiosperms......Page 464
18.4.4 Dispersal in Late Cretaceous angiosperms......Page 466
18.5 Large-scale trends in the history of angiosperm dispersal......Page 467
19.1 Transition to angiosperm-dominated vegetation......Page 472
19.2.1 Free-sporing plants......Page 473
19.2.2 Bennettitales and Cycadales......Page 474
19.2.4 Cheirolepidiaceae......Page 476
19.3 Vegetation during the early diversification of angiosperms......Page 478
19.4 Early angiosperms: diversity in obscurity......Page 480
19.5 Mid-Cretaceous vegetation......Page 482
19.6 Late Cretaceous vegetation and floristic provinces......Page 483
20.1 Large-scale patterns in angiosperm diversification......Page 486
20.2 Patterns of angiosperm diversification: early lineages......Page 488
20.2.1 Nymphaeales......Page 489
20.2.2 Chloranthaceae......Page 491
20.3 Patterns of angiosperm diversification: eumagnoliids......Page 494
20.3.2 Laurales......Page 495
20.3.3 Magnoliales......Page 496
20.4 Patterns of angiosperm diversification: monocots......Page 497
20.5 Patterns of angiosperm diversification: eudicots......Page 499
20.5.1 Proteales......Page 500
20.5.2 Fagales......Page 502
20.6 Angiosperm evolution and global change through the Cenozoic......Page 506
20.6.2 Palaeogene vegetation......Page 507
20.6.3 Neogene vegetation and the origin of modern biomes......Page 508
20.7 Prospects......Page 509
References......Page 512
Index......Page 584