Early and Late Latin: Continuity or Change?

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title page......Page 5
Copyright information......Page 6
Table of contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
List of abbreviations......Page 12
Supplementary abbreviations......Page 15
1. The periods of Latin......Page 23
2. Continuity or change?......Page 32
1. Introduction......Page 36
2. Standard, comic or archaic Latin......Page 37
3.1. Literary revival......Page 40
3.2. Recoinage......Page 43
3.3. Revival or recoinage?......Page 45
3.4. Potentially submerged Latin......Page 46
4. Comic and Romance and/or medieval Latin......Page 48
5.1. Comic and late words in CL archaising authors......Page 51
5.2. Comic and late words, rarely attested in CL......Page 53
5.3. Comic and LL words, stylistically marked in CL......Page 55
6. Summing up......Page 57
Class E......Page 59
Appendix......Page 61
1. Introduction......Page 69
1.1. Modern scholarly views on the use of reflexives......Page 70
1.2. The regular use of suus......Page 71
2. Suus instead of eius/eorum......Page 72
2.1. Plautus......Page 73
2.4. Nepos......Page 76
2.7. Seneca......Page 77
2.8. Tertullian......Page 78
2.10. Palladius......Page 80
2.11. Gregory of Tours......Page 81
2.13. Conclusions on suus instead of eius/eorum......Page 82
3. Generalisation of illorum......Page 84
3.2. Demonstrative for reflexive in late Latin......Page 85
3.3. Medieval texts from France......Page 86
3.4. Medieval texts from Italy......Page 88
4. Conclusions......Page 89
1. Introduction......Page 91
2. Text......Page 93
3.1. Scene 1......Page 94
3.2. Scene 2......Page 96
3.3. Scene 3......Page 97
3.4. Scene 4......Page 100
5. Early features and submerged elements in the text......Page 104
Appendix: Latin terms for dice throws......Page 106
1. Introduction......Page 109
2. Some scholarly views on the alternation in Plautus......Page 110
3 The Romance system in more detail......Page 112
4.1. Differences in meaning?......Page 114
4.2. Differences in behaviour between nouns and pronouns?......Page 119
4.3. Consequences for the analysis of later authors......Page 120
5.1. Cicero......Page 121
5.2. Petronius......Page 123
5.3. Seneca the Younger......Page 124
6 Late Latin: preliminaries......Page 125
7.2. Historia Apollonii regis Tyri......Page 127
Rec. A......Page 128
7.2.2. The Vulgate version of the OT and the Hist. Apoll.......Page 129
7.2.4. Explanations......Page 131
7.3. Hyginus’ Fabulae......Page 132
7.4. Tertullian, Aduersus Marcionem 4......Page 134
7.5.3. ad......Page 135
7.6. Porphyrio’s Commentary on Horace......Page 136
7.7. Bilingual school exercises......Page 137
7.9. Lucifer of Cagliari......Page 138
7.10. Peregrinatio Aetheriae......Page 139
7.11. Jerome Epistles 1–52......Page 141
7.13. Sulpicius Severus, Vita Martini......Page 145
7.14. Itinerarium Antonini Placentini......Page 146
7.15. Anonymus Valesianus II......Page 147
8.1. Verbs meaning ‘give’......Page 148
8.2. Verbs meaning ‘say’......Page 150
9. Final conclusions: ‘submerged’ continuities?......Page 152
1.1. Two types of be-periphrases in Latin......Page 154
1.2. Aims of this chapter......Page 155
2.1. The study of linguistic variation......Page 156
2.2. A Latin prose corpus......Page 158
2.3. Further methodological remarks......Page 160
3.1. The descriptives......Page 161
3.2. Factors influencing the choice of f over e......Page 163
3.2.1. The distinction between deponents and passives......Page 164
3.2.2. The role of the tense system......Page 167
3.2.3. A full model......Page 169
3.3. Intermediate conclusion......Page 171
4.1. A remarkable discrepancy......Page 172
4.2. A diachronic hypothesis......Page 175
5.1. An interesting testimonium......Page 178
5.2. Predicting word order in be-periphrases: a first attempt......Page 180
6 Conclusion......Page 183
1. Introduction......Page 185
2. Standard accounts......Page 186
3. The classical Latin data......Page 187
4. Later Latin......Page 193
5. Interpretations......Page 198
6. Conclusions......Page 200
1. Introduction......Page 202
2. Habeo + the perfect participle and the early Latin verbal system......Page 203
3. Habeo + the perfect participle in classical and post-classical Latin......Page 209
4. Habeo + the perfect participle in late Latin......Page 215
5. Conclusions......Page 222
1. Impersonal habet constructions......Page 224
2.1. .t.. (µ..) .st. / .t.. ... + .. .., .f’ .., .f’ ........Page 226
2.2. Annus est / annos habeo + ex quo......Page 228
2.3. Alternation of ‘to be’ and ‘to have’ in temporal constructions......Page 230
2.4. Word order......Page 231
3.1. Late Latin literature translated from Greek......Page 232
3.2. Historia Apollonii regis Tyri......Page 233
4.2. Habet annos ex quo and annos est quom, menses est cum......Page 236
5. Conclusions......Page 237
Introduction......Page 239
1.1. ‘Ought questions’......Page 242
1.2. ‘Do I?’ ‘Do.’ Motivation for the indicative......Page 245
1.3. ‘Shall I?’ ‘Present for future’......Page 246
1.3.1. Mood/tense variation in the same utterance......Page 249
1.4. ‘What shall I do?’ in emotive self-questioning......Page 251
1.4.1. Ambiguity: Dido’s monologue......Page 252
1.4.2. Italian present and future ‘of helplessness’......Page 253
1.5. ‘What will you have me do? I don’t think so’: repudiating questions......Page 254
2. Distribution and factors of continuity......Page 256
2.1. Present indicative in EL and CL......Page 257
2.2. Late Latin and biblical Greek......Page 259
2.2.1. Augustine......Page 260
2.3. Late texts with subject matter other than Christian......Page 263
2.4. Parallel/converging developments......Page 265
3. Conclusions......Page 266
1. Introduction......Page 268
2. Semantic and stylistic properties of coepi with the infinitive......Page 269
2.1. Distribution of coepi......Page 271
2.2. A syntactic ‘vulgarism’?......Page 273
3.1. Non-Christian sources......Page 278
3.2. Christian sources......Page 280
4. Conclusions......Page 286
1. Introduction......Page 287
2. Early Latin: Plautus and Terence......Page 288
3. Prose of the early and late republic......Page 290
4. Classical poetry......Page 291
5. Augustan prose: Livy......Page 292
6. Non-literary Latin of the early empire......Page 295
7.1. Developments in later Greek......Page 296
7.2. Constructions in Bible translations......Page 297
Gospel of John......Page 298
7.3. Constructions in bilingual school exercises......Page 299
8. The third century: Tertullian (ca 160–240)......Page 301
9. A Christian narrative text of the early third century......Page 303
10. Fourth century: Peregrinatio Aetheriae......Page 304
11.1. Gregory the Great, Dialogues......Page 306
11.2. Gregory of Tours......Page 308
12. Ad + infinitive......Page 309
13. Latin: an interim conclusion......Page 310
Old Spanish Poema de mío Cid (late twelfth–early thirteenth century)......Page 311
15. Conclusion......Page 315
Chapter 13 Causatives in Latin and Romance......Page 316
1. Introduction......Page 335
2. Both ends of the development: standard of comparison......Page 336
3. Interpretation of existing data......Page 338
4.1. Incidence of the comparative construction......Page 341
4.2. Synthetic vs. analytic comparatives......Page 346
4.3. Correlation between comparative proper and type of comparative construction......Page 351
4.4. Correlation between standard and nature of context......Page 354
4.5. Prepositional constructions......Page 356
5. Conclusions......Page 359
1. Introduction......Page 362
2.1. Magis......Page 363
2.2. Plus......Page 366
2.3. Maxime/multum/adprime (prime, cumprime)/ probe/ual(i)de/uehementer/insanum......Page 367
2.4. Early Latin: conclusions......Page 369
3.1. Magis (plus)......Page 370
3.2. Maxime, multum, adprime, probe, ualde, uehementer......Page 372
3.3. Classical Latin conclusions......Page 374
4.1. Magis (plus)......Page 375
4.2. Maxime, multum, ualde......Page 376
5. Later Latin, the commentators and grammarians......Page 377
5.2. Peregrinatio Aetheriae......Page 378
5.3. The commentators Porphyrio and Servius......Page 379
5.4. Latin grammarians: Donatus to Priscian......Page 380
6. Overall conclusions......Page 381
Appendix of Occurrences......Page 382
1. Introduction......Page 389
2. Definition......Page 390
3. Early Latin......Page 394
4.1. Cicero and other authors of the classical period......Page 395
4.2. Gellius and Apuleius......Page 398
5. Medical texts......Page 399
6.1. Itineraria......Page 401
6.2. Augustine’s sermons......Page 402
6.3. Further examples from Christian Latin......Page 403
6.4. The Latin Bible......Page 404
7. Postclassical and late examples of the attractio inuersa (accusative)......Page 406
8. Conclusion......Page 409
Introduction......Page 412
Note one: a family of related constructions?......Page 416
Note two: the chronological distribution......Page 418
Note three: did the construction count as low or high at a late period?......Page 423
Note four: competitors of the construction in agricultural treatises......Page 426
Note five: the relative-correlative construction and left-dislocation......Page 437
Note six: relative-correlative sentences in sententiae – is the decline illusory?......Page 440
1. Introduction: continuity again......Page 442
2. Some different patterns......Page 443
3.1. Continuities, real or alleged......Page 444
(c) Usages that decline steadily, though possibly enjoying.........Page 447
(d) Usages that are present in Plautus and also Romance, but are not submerged.........Page 448
(f) Usages that had a very restricted use for centuries but at a late period.........Page 449
(h) Romance usages that it is very hard to exemplify unambiguously in extant Latin......Page 450
4. Some final methodological issues......Page 451
Bibliography......Page 453
Subject index......Page 481
Index verborum......Page 486