Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
ISBN 1588902153......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
3 Motor System......Page 7
4 Brainstem......Page 8
6 Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System......Page 9
8 Basal Ganglia......Page 10
11 Blood Supply and Vascular Disorders of the Central Nervous System......Page 11
Index......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 13
1 Elements of the Nervous System......Page 15
Information Flow in the Nervous System......Page 16
Neurons and Synapses Neurons......Page 17
Synapses......Page 21
Neurotransmitters and Receptors......Page 24
Functional Groups of Neurons......Page 26
Development of the Nervous System......Page 27
2 Somatosensory System......Page 31
Peripheral Components of the Somatosensory System and Peripheral Regulatory Circuits Receptor Organs......Page 32
Peripheral Nerve, Dorsal Root Ganglion, Posterior Root......Page 35
Peripheral Regulatory Circuits......Page 44
Posterior and Anterior Spinocerebellar Tracts......Page 53
Posterior Columns......Page 55
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract......Page 61
Other Afferent Tracts of the Spinal Cord......Page 63
Central Processing of Somatosensory Information......Page 64
Somatosensory Deficits due to Lesions at Specific Sites along the Somatosensory Pathways......Page 65
3 Motor System......Page 69
Motor Cortical Areas......Page 71
Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) Tract......Page 73
Other Central Components of the Motor System......Page 75
Lesions of Central Motor Pathways......Page 78
Peripheral Components of the Motor System and Clinical Syndromes of Lesions Affecting Them......Page 81
Complex Clinical Syndromes due to Lesions of Specific Components of the Nervous System......Page 83
Spinal Cord Syndromes......Page 84
Vascular Spinal Cord Syndromes......Page 103
Nerve Root Syndromes (Radicular Syndromes)......Page 105
Plexus Syndromes......Page 114
Peripheral Nerve Syndromes......Page 120
Syndromes of the Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle......Page 127
4 Brainstem......Page 129
Medulla......Page 131
Pons......Page 133
Cranial Nerves Origin, Components, and Functions......Page 134
Olfactory System (CN I)......Page 142
Visual System (CN II)......Page 144
Eye Movements (CN III, IV, and VI)......Page 151
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)......Page 174
Facial Nerve (CN VII) and Nervus Intermedius......Page 181
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)—Cochlear Component and the Organ of Hearing......Page 189
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)—Vestibular Component and Vestibular System......Page 198
Vagal System (CN IX, X, and the Cranial Portion of XI)......Page 208
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)......Page 218
Internal Structure of the Brainstem......Page 221
Brainstem Disorders Ischemic Brainstem Syndromes......Page 237
5 Cerebellum......Page 253
Surface Anatomy......Page 254
Cerebellar Cortex......Page 257
Afferent and Efferent Projections of the Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei......Page 259
Connections of the Cerebellum with Other Parts of the Nervous System......Page 260
Cerebellar Function and Cerebellar Syndromes......Page 265
Vestibulocerebellum......Page 266
Spinocerebellum......Page 267
Cerebrocerebellum......Page 268
Cerebellar Tumors......Page 270
6 Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System......Page 273
Location and Components of the Diencephalon......Page 275
Thalamus Nuclei......Page 277
Position of the Thalamic Nuclei in Ascending and Descending Pathways......Page 278
Functions of the Thalamus......Page 283
Syndromes of Thalamic Lesions......Page 284
Epithalamus......Page 286
Subthalamus......Page 287
Hypothalamus Location and Components......Page 288
Afferent and Efferent Projections of the Hypothalamus......Page 290
Functions of the Hypothalamus......Page 296
Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System Fundamentals......Page 303
Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 306
Parasympathetic Nervous System......Page 309
Autonomic Innervation and Functional Disturbances of Individual Organs......Page 311
Visceral and Referred Pain......Page 321
7 Limbic System......Page 325
Anatomical Overview......Page 326
Internal and External Connections......Page 328
Microanatomy of the Hippocampal Formation......Page 329
Functions of the Limbic System......Page 333
Types of Memory......Page 334
Memory Dysfunction—the Amnestic Syndrome and Its Causes......Page 337
8 Basal Ganglia......Page 343
Preliminary Remarks on Terminology......Page 344
The Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Motor System: Phylogenetic Aspects......Page 345
Components of the Basal Ganglia and Their Connections Nuclei......Page 346
Connections of the Basal Ganglia......Page 351
Clinical Syndromes of Basal Ganglia Lesions......Page 354
9 Cerebrum......Page 363
Development......Page 364
Gyri and Sulci......Page 368
Histological Organization of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 372
Laminar Architecture......Page 373
Projection Fibers......Page 379
Commissural Fibers......Page 380
Functional Localization in the Cerebral Cortex......Page 383
Primary Cortical Fields......Page 385
Association Areas......Page 398
Higher Cortical Functions and Their Impairment by Cortical Lesions......Page 400
10 Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System......Page 415
Dura Mater......Page 416
Arachnoid......Page 419
Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and Resorption......Page 420
Disturbances of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation— Hydrocephalus......Page 425
11 Blood Supply and Vascular Disorders of the Central Nervous System......Page 431
Arteries of the Brain Extradural Course of the Arteries of the Brain......Page 433
Arteries of the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae......Page 435
Arteries of the Posterior Fossa......Page 441
Collateral Circulation in the Brain......Page 446
Veins of the Brain Superficial and Deep Veins of the Brain......Page 449
Dural Sinuses......Page 451
Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord Arterial Anastomotic Network......Page 453
Venous Drainage......Page 456
Arterial Hypoperfusion......Page 457
Particular Cerebrovascular Syndromes......Page 477
Impaired Venous Drainage from the Brain......Page 487
Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 491
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Nontraumatic)......Page 492
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 495
Subdural and Epidural Hematoma......Page 501
Vascular Syndromes of the Spinal Cord Arterial Hypoperfusion......Page 503
Impaired Venous Drainage......Page 504
Spinal Cord Hemorrhage and Hematoma......Page 506
Further Reading......Page 507
Index......Page 511