This book is the first in-depth study of eighteenth-century botanical illustrations. Its findings offer a completely new insight into the working practices of the botanists and scientific draughtsmen of this period. The author describes the different production stages of these illustrations. For the first time, the author presents a convincing description of how botanical illustrations developed, ascertaining the criteria that drove this process.
Author(s): Kärin Nickelsen
Series: Archimedes: New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 15
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 302
Tags: Биологические дисциплины;История биологии;
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 6
1 Introduction......Page 11
1.1.1 The Lonely Genius in the Meadow......Page 12
1.1.2 Reflections of Nature......Page 14
1.2 The Matter in Question......Page 21
1.3 The Course of the Argument......Page 24
2 The Making of Botanical Illustrations......Page 29
2.1.1 Trew and Ehret......Page 30
2.1.2 First Assignments......Page 36
2.1.3 The Anatomical Work......Page 38
2.1.4 The Instruction of the Draughtsmen......Page 42
2.1.5 Nuremberg as Pflanz Schule......Page 45
2.2.1 The Project......Page 49
2.2.2 The Drawings......Page 51
2.2.3 The Engraving......Page 58
2.2.4 The Hand-Colouring of the Plates......Page 71
2.2.5 Completion and Sale......Page 77
2.3 The Art of Botanical Illustrations......Page 78
3.1.1 Taxonomically Relevant Properties......Page 81
3.1.2 Additional Specific Properties......Page 94
3.2 Visualizing Properties of Classes of Objects......Page 97
3.3 Possible Interpretations......Page 100
3.4.1 Approach......Page 104
3.4.2 Scientific Models......Page 105
3.4.3 Theoretical Background......Page 106
3.4.4 Instances......Page 108
3.4.5 Construction Assumptions......Page 109
3.4.6 Hypotheses......Page 112
4.1.1 Private Individuals......Page 116
4.1.2 Learned Societies......Page 117
4.1.3 Academies......Page 123
4.2 Uses......Page 125
4.2.1 Classifying Species......Page 126
4.2.2 Describing Species......Page 135
4.2.3 Observational Evidence......Page 139
4.2.4 A Common Reference Point......Page 141
4.3.1 Information Transmitted......Page 146
4.3.2 Cognitive Effort......Page 152
4.3.3 The Written Word and Visual Language......Page 154
5.1 The Language of Botanical Illustrations......Page 158
5.1.1 Syntax and Semantics......Page 161
5.1.2 Unwritten Conventions......Page 162
5.1.3 Changes and Continuity......Page 165
5.1.4 Communicability......Page 166
5.1.5 The Technical Language of Pictures......Page 167
5.2.1 Standardization......Page 170
5.2.2 The Role of Colour......Page 183
6.1.1 Sturm, Leers & Sandberger......Page 194
6.1.2 Thornton, Miller, Curtis & Martyn......Page 197
6.1.3 Schreber, Kerner & Schkuhr......Page 205
6.2 Copying Links......Page 212
6.3.1 Overview......Page 224
6.3.2 Patterns......Page 226
6.3.3 General Findings......Page 231
6.4 On the Shoulders of Giants......Page 233
7.1 Modifying the Copied Elements......Page 238
7.2 Construction Criteria......Page 241
7.2.1 Correctness......Page 242
7.2.2 Appropriateness......Page 253
7.2.4 Summary......Page 263
7.3.1 Optimizing the Model......Page 265
7.3.2 Optimizing the Visual Language......Page 267
7.4 The Adequacy of a Botanical Illustration......Page 268
7.5 Explaining the Development of Scientific Illustration......Page 272
8.1 Terms......Page 274
8.2 The Period under Examination......Page 276
8.3 The Picture Selection......Page 277
List of References of the Picture Selection......Page 281
B......Page 285
C......Page 286
D......Page 287
G......Page 288
H......Page 289
K......Page 290
L......Page 291
M......Page 293
P......Page 294
S......Page 295
T......Page 297
W......Page 298
Z......Page 299
G......Page 300
S......Page 301
Z......Page 302
