Drainage Basin Dynamics: An Introduction to Morphology, Landscape and Modelling

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction to Drainage Basin Dynamics: Morphology, Landscape and Modelling
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Key Aims of the Book
1.3 Organization of This Volume
References
2 Morphological Dynamics, Erosion Potential and Morphogenesis of Badlands in Laterites of the Bengal Basin, India
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Geomorphic Identities of Study Area
2.3 Materials and Methods
2.3.1 Secondary Data Collection
2.3.2 Digital Topographic Analysis
2.3.3 Topology of Drainage Network
2.3.4 Morphometric Attributes
2.3.5 SCS-CN Method and Runoff–Sediment Yield Coupling
2.3.6 Quantitative Measures of Gully Erosion Potential
2.4 Results and Interpretation
2.4.1 Stream Ordering System in Gullies
2.4.2 Fractal Dimension of Drainage Network (FDDN)
2.4.3 Model of Stream Magnitude and Channel Link
2.4.4 Linear Aspects of Gullies
2.4.5 Slope and Relief Aspects of Gullies and Statistical Inference
2.4.6 Topographic Threshold of Gully Initiation
2.4.7 Rainfall–Runoff Simulation and Sediment Yield
2.5 Discussion
2.5.1 Triggers of Gully Development
2.5.2 Local Triggers
2.5.3 Upstream Triggers
2.5.4 Downstream Triggers
2.5.5 Geochronology of Gully Initiation
2.5.6 Connectivity Model of Badland Evolution
2.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
3 Plan Shape Geomorphology of Alluvial Valley in the Middle-Lower and Deltaic Courses of the Subarnarekha River Basin, India
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Study Area
3.2.2 Database and Data Processing
3.2.3 Extraction of Landform Terraces and Morphological Features
3.2.4 Geometrical Analysis
3.2.5 Sedimentological Analysis
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Fluvio-Marine Environments and Landform Terraces
3.3.2 Geometrical Diversity of River Course
3.3.3 Plan Shape Geomorphology and Depositional Environments
3.3.3.1 Geomorphological Features in the Upper Cut and Fill Valley Terrace
3.3.3.2 Geomorphological Features in the Lower Cut and Fill Valley Terrace
3.3.3.3 Geomorphological Features in the Deltaplain
3.3.4 Morphology of Mid-Channel bar
3.4 Sedimentary Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
4 Quantitative Assessment of Channel Planform Dynamics and Meander Bend Evolution of the Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Study Area
4.3 Database and Methodology
4.3.1 Data Acquisition
4.3.2 Image Processing
4.3.3 Channel Planform Parameters
4.3.4 Delineation of Bank Lines
4.3.5 Determining Bank Line Migration
4.3.6 Meander Bend Morphology
4.4 Result
4.4.1 Active Channel Width (ACW)
4.4.2 Active Channel Total Channel Width Ratio (ACTCWR)
4.4.3 Channel Length (CL)
4.4.4 Channel Sinuosity (CS)
4.4.5 Braiding Index (BI)
4.4.6 Active Channel Area (ACA)
4.4.7 Channel Belt Area (CBA)
4.4.8 Active Channel Area-Channel Belt Ratio (ACACBR)
4.4.9 Sandbar Number and Types
4.4.10 Sandbar Area Active Channel Area Ratio (SAACAR)
4.4.11 Channel Centreline Migration
4.4.12 Bank Line Migration
4.4.13 Meander Bend Dynamics
4.4.13.1 Meander Bend Radius (Rmb)
4.4.13.2 Meander Bend Width (Wmb)
4.4.13.3 Meander Bend Curvature Channel Width Ratio (Rcw)
4.4.13.4 Length of Meander Bend (Lmb)
4.4.13.5 Meander Bend Amplitude (Amb)
4.4.13.6 Wavelength of Meander Bend (Wmb)
4.4.13.7 Meander Bend Sinuosity (Smb)
4.5 Discussion
4.5.1 Dynamics of Channel Planform Parameters
4.5.2 Changes in Channel Pattern/Growth of Bars and Islands
4.5.3 Trend of Channel Migration
4.5.4 Pattern of Bank Line Migration
4.5.5 Role of Flood in Channel Planform Change and Channel Migration
4.5.6 Role of Dam on Channel Planform
4.5.7 Evolution of Meander Bend Parameters
4.5.8 Mechanism of Change in Meander Bend Morphology
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Changes of Flow Regime in Response to River Interventions in the Barakar River, India
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Barakar River: Geomorphic and Climatic Settings
5.3 Materials and Methods
5.4 Results and Discussions
5.4.1 Temporal Trend of Rainfall and Discharge Using the Mann–Kendall Test
5.4.2 Variability in Hydrological Characteristics of the Barakar River
5.4.2.1 Temporal Change in Seasonal Flow Discharge
5.4.2.2 Late Shifting of the Hydrograph at the Maithon Hydraulic Station
5.4.2.3 The Trend of Maximum (Qmax) and Minimum (Qmin) Flow Discharge at Tilaiya and Maithon Hydraulic Station:
5.4.3 Relationship Between Discharge and Rainfall of Two Stations on the Barakar River Basin
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
6 Landscape Characterization using Geomorphometric Parameters for a Small Sub-Humid River Basin of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Database
6.2.2 Data Analysis
6.2.3 Extraction of Morphometric Parameters
6.3 Study Area
6.3.1 River Course and Basin Physiography
6.3.2 Climatic Attributes and Soil Cover
6.3.3 Basin Lithology
6.3.4 Basin Geomorphology
6.4 Results and Discussions
6.4.1 Enumerated Morphometric Parameters
6.4.2 Statistical Analysis of enumerated Morphometric Parameters
6.4.4 Relating changing LULC attributes with the Terrain Units
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
7 River Raidak-I Migration Dynamics Within Himalayan Foreland Basin Applying Quaternary Sedimentological Bank Facies and Geospatial Techniques
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.3.1 Data Acquisition
7.3.2 Bank Line Change Detection and Measurement of Lateral Channel Migration
7.3.3 Bank Facies Study
7.3.4 Statistical Techniques
7.4 Results
7.4.1 Channel Sinuosity
7.4.2 Radius of Curvature (Rc)
7.4.3 Channel Width
7.4.4 Short-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend
7.4.5 Long-Term Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Trend
7.4.6 Short-Term Channel Migration
7.4.7 Long-Term Channel Migration
7.4.8 Quaternary Sedimentary Bank Facies
7.5 Discussion
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Spatio-Temporal Variation of Morphological Characteristics in Bhagirathi River—Case Study in Murshidabad District, West Bengal (India)
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study Area
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.3.1 Data Used
8.3.2 Digitization of Satellite Data
8.3.3 Cross-Sectional Analysis
8.3.4 Identification of Morphological Characteristics
8.3.5 Hydraulic Sinuosity Index (HSI)
8.3.6 Braiding Index (BI)
8.3.7 Entrenchment Ratio (ER)
8.3.8 Statistical Analysis
8.4 Results
8.4.1 Morphometric Pattern at Different Time Intervals
8.5 Discussion
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Sedimentation and Shifting of Lower Mundeswari and Rupnarayan River, West Bengal, India
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 Database and Methodology
9.3.1 River Velocity
9.3.2 River Discharge
9.3.3 Carrying Capacity
9.3.5 Bank-Full Index
9.3.6 Stream Power
9.3.7 Size of Grain and Particles
9.3.8 Channel Shifting
9.3.9 Sedimentation Analysis
9.3.9.1 River Channel Cross Profile
9.4 Results
9.4.1 Different Kinds of Criteria on River Rupnarayan and Mundeswari
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Role of Controlling Factors in the Development of Drainage Around Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand and West Bengal
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Study Area
10.3 Database and Methodology
10.4 Result and Discussion
10.4.1 Drainage Characteristics
10.4.1.1 Linear Aspects
Stream Number
Mean Stream Length
Stream Length Ratio (RL)
Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
Stream Length-Gradient Index
The Best-Fit Functions to River Longitudinal Profiles
Drainage Density (Dd)
Stream Frequency (Sf)
Constant of Channel Maintenance (CCM)
Length of Overland Flow (Lo)
Drainage Texture
10.4.2 Topographic Characteristics
10.4.2.1 Relative Relief (Rr)
10.4.2.2 Average Slope (as)
10.4.2.3 Hypsometric Index (Hi)
10.4.3 Geology
10.4.4 Vegetation
10.4.5 Controls on Drainage
10.4.5.1 Topography
10.4.5.2 Geology
10.4.5.3 Lithology
10.4.5.4 Drainage Network and Lineament in Relation to the Structure
10.4.6 Climate
10.4.7 Vegetation
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Analyzing Morphometric Attributes of Kopai River Basin of West Bengal, India, Using Geospatial Technology
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Study Area
11.3 Materials and Methods
11.4 Result and Discussion
11.4.1 Quantitative Study of Different Geomorphic Attributes
11.4.1.1 Relief Attributes
Absolute Relief
Relative Relief
Average Relief
Relief Variability Index
Dissection Index
11.4.1.2 Slope Attributes
Actual and Average Slope
Slope Variability Index
Slope Aspect
11.4.1.3 Drainage Attributes
Stream Order
Stream Number
Stream Length
Bifurcation Ratio
Drainage Density
Ruggedness Index
Drainage Texture
11.4.1.4 Basin Geometry
Circulatory Ratio
Elongation Ratio
Form Factor
11.4.2 Relationship Among Different Geomorphic Attributes
11.4.2.1 Intra-relation Among Different Relief, Slope and Drainage Parameters
Simple Correlation Analysis
Partial Correlation Analysis
11.4.2.2 Inter-relationship of Different Relief, Slope and Drainage Parameters
Simple Correlation Analysis
Principal Component Analysis to Identify Major Controlling Variables
11.4.3 Identification of Stage of Landform Evolution
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Impact Assessment of Check Dam in the Pappiredipatti Watershed (South India) Using LULC and NDVI Signatures
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area
12.3 Material and Methods
12.4 Result and Discussion
12.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Changes
12.4.2 Validation and Simulations of LU/LC
12.4.3 Effect of Land Use Change
12.4.4 Proximity of WCS Function by NDVI
12.4.5 Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis
12.4.5.1 Shannon’s Diversity Index (H)
12.4.5.2 Simpson’s Diversity Index (D)
12.4.6 Field Photographs of the Inspected Area
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Morphometric Analysis for Prioritizing Sub-watershed and Management Using Geospatial Technique
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Study Area
13.3 Materials and Method
13.3.1 Data Used
13.3.2 Method
13.3.2.1 Delineation of Stream Network
13.3.2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Morphometric Characteristics
13.3.2.3 Sub-watershed Prioritization
13.4 Result and Discussion
13.4.1 Morphometric Aspect
13.4.2 Linear Aspects
13.4.2.1 Stream Order (Os)
13.4.2.2 Stream Length (Lu)
13.4.2.3 Mean Stream Length (Lsm)
13.4.2.4 Stream Length Ratio (Rl)
13.4.2.5 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
13.4.2.6 Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbm)
13.4.3 Areal Aspects
13.4.3.1 Basin Length (Lb)
13.4.3.2 Drainage Density (Dd)
13.4.3.3 Texture Ratio (Rt)
13.4.3.4 Stream Frequency (Fs)
13.4.3.5 Form Factor (Ff)
13.4.3.6 Elongation Ratio (Re)
13.4.3.7 Circularity Ratio (Rc)
13.4.3.8 Length of Overland Flow (Lg)
13.4.4 Relief Aspects
13.4.4.1 Relative Relief (RR)
13.4.4.2 Relief Ratio (Rh)
13.4.4.3 Dissection Index (DI)
13.4.4.4 Ruggedness Number (Rn)
13.4.5 Sub-Watershed Prioritization
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 Spatio-temporal Variation of Channel Migration and Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study of Bhagirathi River Within Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area: General Geographical Settings
14.3 Materials and Methods
14.3.1 Database
14.3.2 Methodology
14.3.2.1 Data Processing
14.3.2.2 Data Analysis
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.4.1 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 1930 to 1987
14.4.2 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 1987 to 1997
14.4.3 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 1997 to 2008
14.4.4 Changing Pattern of the Bhagirathi River from 2008 to 2018
14.4.5 Bank Line Dynamics of the Bhagirathi River: Socio-economic Impacts
14.4.6 Chances of Vulnerability of the Areas Adjacent to the Bhagirathi River
14.5 Data Validation
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
References
15 Alluvial Channel Dynamic Associated with LULC Change in Himalayan Foothill
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Database and Methodology
15.3.1 Database
15.3.2 Methodology
15.3.2.1 Bankline Extraction
15.3.2.2 Determination of Channel Migration, and Geometrical Parameters
15.3.2.3 LULC Mapping and Their Change Detection
15.3.2.4 Validation Techniques
15.4 Results
15.4.1 Dynamics of the Channel Migration and Meander Geometry
15.4.2 Channel Migration
15.4.3 Widening of Channel
15.4.4 Radius of Curvature
15.4.5 Sinuosity Index
15.4.6 Meander Wavelength
15.4.7 Meander Width
15.4.8 Amplitude
15.4.9 Arc Angle
15.4.10 Direction Angle
15.4.11 LULC Change and Channel Migration
15.4.11.1 LULC Change
15.4.11.2 Effect of Channel Migration on LULC Change
15.5 Discussion
15.5.1 Impact of Floods on Channel Migration and Changing LULC Pattern
15.5.2 Effect of Tectonic Activity on Channel Migration and Changing LULC Pattern
15.5.3 Human Impact on Channel Migration and Changing LULC Pattern
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Preliminary Insights on the Dynamics of Flow Regime and Sediment Flux in Drainage Basin Study
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Concept of System and Scale in Basin Research
16.3 Flow Regime, Flood Geomorphology, and Climate Change
16.4 Sediment Flux in Fluvial System
16.5 Human Interference on River System
16.5.1 Dam: As Major Anthropogenic Factor in the Dynamics of Fluvial System
16.6 Environmental Perspectives to Manage Rivers
16.7 Concluding Remarks
References
17 An Integrated Approach of River Health Assessment Based on Physico-chemical Parameters of the River Subarnarekha, India
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study Area
17.3 Methodology
17.3.1 River Health Indicators
17.3.2 Chemical Health Analysis
17.3.3 Sampling Procedure
17.3.4 Physical and Biological Health Analysis
17.3.5 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Chemical Health Status
17.4.2 Physico-biological Health Status
17.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
18 Automatic Strahler’s Stream Order Computing on Digital Stream Network Dataset
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Strahler’s Stream Ordering
18.3 Materials and Method
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Define the Function 'Junction1' with an Argument 'FTNodeList'
18.4.2 Define the Function 'Junction2' with an Argument 'HigherOrder1'
18.4.3 Define the Function 'GroupSegment' with Two Arguments 'HigherOrder1' and 'JunList3'
18.4.4 Identify Stream Order Third and Above
18.4.5 Update Attribute of Stream Order
18.4.6 Validation of Result
18.5 Conclusions
References
19 Morphometry-Based Subwatershed Prioritization for Flood Potentiality Analysis of the Gumani River Basin (India) Using TOPSIS
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Study Area
19.3 Datasets and Methodology
19.3.1 Datasets
19.3.2 Methodology
19.3.3 Extraction of Morphometric Parameters
19.3.4 Morphometric Indices
19.3.5 TOPSIS
19.4 Results and Discussion
19.4.1 Morphometric Parameters
19.4.1.1 Linear Aspect
19.4.1.2 Areal Aspect
19.4.1.3 Relief Aspect
19.4.2 Prioritization of Drainage Basins
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Runoff Estimation of the Kolong River Basin in Assam, India Using NRCS-Curve Number Method and Geospatial Techniques
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Materials and Methods
20.2.1 Study Area
20.2.2 Database and Methodology
20.2.3 NRCS-CN Model
20.2.4 Antecedent Moisture Condition
20.2.5 Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG)
20.2.6 Area Weighted Curve Number
20.2.7 Weibull’s Plotting Position
20.3 Results and Discussions
20.3.1 Runoff Frequency Analysis
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Geomorphological Analyses of Third-Order Basins in Southwestern Nigeria
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Study Area
21.2.1 Location
21.2.2 Drainage and Relief
21.2.3 Climate and Vegetation
21.2.4 Geology
21.3 Methodology
21.3.1 Types and Sources of Data
21.3.2 Extraction of Channel Network Using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
21.3.3 Basin Determination and Procedure
21.3.4 Data Analyses
21.4 Results and Discussion
21.4.1 Geomorphic Description of the Selected Six Third-Order Basins
21.4.1.1 Oke-Ogun Basin
21.4.1.2 Igboburo Basin
21.4.1.3 Awon Basin
21.4.1.4 Onikoko Basin
21.4.1.5 Odo-Oba Basin
21.4.1.6 Ayin Basin
21.4.2 Slope–Area Curves
21.4.3 Channel Network and Lithological Pattern
21.5 Conclusion
References
22 Multi-criteria-based Morphometric Prioritization for Soil Erosion Susceptibility and Denudation Rate Assessment of Purulia District, India
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Materials and Methods
22.2.1 Study Area and Database
22.2.2 Morphometric Analysis
22.2.3 Prioritization Using Morphometric Parameters
22.2.4 Denudation Rate Estimation
22.3 Results and Discussions
22.3.1 Morphometric Analysis
22.3.2 Basic Parameters
22.3.2.1 Sub-Watershed Area (a) and Perimeter (P)
22.3.3 Linear Parameters
22.3.3.1 Stream Order (U)
22.3.3.2 Total Length of Streams (Lu)
22.3.3.3 Bifurcation Ratios (Rb) and Mean Bifurcation Ratios (mRb)
22.3.3.4 Stream Length Ratio (Rl)
22.3.4 Shape or Arial Parameters
22.3.4.1 Drainage Density (Dd)
22.3.4.2 Texture Ratio (T)
22.3.4.3 Stream Frequency (Fs)
22.3.4.4 Circularity Ratio (Rc)
22.3.4.5 Elongation Ratio (Re)
22.3.4.6 Compactness Coefficient (Cc)
22.3.4.7 Form Factor (Rf)
22.3.4.8 Length of Overland Flow (Lof)
22.3.4.9 Shape Basin (Bs)
22.3.5 Relief Parameters
22.3.5.1 Basin Relief (Bh)
22.3.5.2 Relief Ratio (Rh)
22.3.5.3 Ruggedness Number (Rn)
22.3.6 Soil Erosion Susceptibility Analysis
22.3.6.1 Assessing the Influence of Morphometric Parameters on Soil Erosion Susceptibility
22.3.6.2 Assessing the Influence of Slope on Soil Erosion Susceptibility
22.3.6.3 Identify the Influence of Land Use Land Cover, Geology, Soil and Landforms on Soil Erosion Susceptibility
22.3.7 Denudation Characteristics
22.4 Conclusions
References
23 Geomorphic Appraisal of Active Tectonics and Fluvial Anomalies in Peninsular Rivers of the Bengal Basin (West Bengal, India)
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Geomorphic Setting of Study Area
23.3 Methodology and Database
23.4 Results
23.4.1 Elements and Features of Active Tectonics
23.4.1.1 Geotectonic Settings
23.4.1.2 Bouguer Anomaly
23.4.1.3 Pattern of Earthquakes
23.4.1.4 Seismites
23.4.2 Standard Sinuosity Index
23.4.3 Stream Length—Gradient Index
23.4.4 Hypsometric Analysis
23.4.5 Drainage Basin Asymmetry Factor
23.4.6 Basin Elongation Ratio
23.5 Discussion
23.6 Conclusion
References
24 Morphological Landscape Mapping of the Bhagirathi Flood Plains in West Bengal, India, Using Geospatial Technology
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The Study Area
24.2.1 Locational Attributes
24.2.2 Hydro-Geomorphic Settings
24.3 Materials and Methodology
24.3.1 Database
24.3.2 Methodology
24.3.2.1 Software and Data Processing
24.3.2.2 Channel Change Detection and Analysis
24.3.2.3 Land Use and Land Cover Mapping and Analysis
24.4 Results and Discussion
24.4.1 Morphodynamic Change Analysis of Bhagirathi, Churni, Mathabhanga, and Ichamati Rivers
24.4.1.1 Bhagirathi-Hooghly River
24.4.1.2 River Churni
24.4.1.3 Mathabhanga
24.4.1.4 Ichamati River
24.4.2 Channel Migration
24.4.3 Channel Dynamics Impacts on Flood Plain LULC
24.5 Conclusion
24.5.1 Major Findings
24.5.2 Managements Issues
References
Index