This book challenges what are, for many people, deep-rooted expectations regarding the routine arming of police and compares jurisdictions in which police are routinely armed (Toronto, Canada and Brisbane, Australia) and those where police are not routinely armed (Manchester, England and Auckland, New Zealand). With a focus on Western jurisdictions and by examining a range of documentary, media and data sources, this book provides an evidence-based examination of the question: Do police really need guns?
This book first provides detailed insight into the armed policing tradition and perceptions/expectations with respect to police and firearms. A range of theoretical concepts regarding policing, state power and the use of force is applied to an examination of what makes the police powerful. This is set against the minimum force tradition, which is typified by policing in England and Wales. Consideration is also given to the role played by key tropes and constructs of popular culture. Drawing on Surette’s model of symbolic reality, the book considers contrasting media traditions and the positioning of firearms within narrative arcs, especially the role of heroes. The book concludes by drawing together the key themes and findings, and considering the viability of retaining and/or moving towards non-routinely armed police.
Author(s): Richard Evans, Clare Farmer
Series: SpringerBriefs in Criminology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 143
City: Cham
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Key Terminology
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Do Police Need Guns?
1.2 The American Paradox
References
2 The Edge of the Knife: The Paradox of Police Power
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Makes the Police Powerful?
2.3 The Marxist Critique
2.4 Policing as a Social Function
2.5 Police as the Agents of Legitimate State Violence
2.6 The Monetary Model of Power
2.6.1 The Port Arthur Massacre
2.6.2 The Melbourne Police Strike
2.7 Chapter Conclusion
References
3 ‘Only the Minimum Degree’: The Minimum Force Tradition
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Minimum Force and ‘Peel’s Principles’
3.3 Accident or Inevitable?
3.4 Does Minimum Force Require Peace, or Create It?
3.5 Chapter Conclusion
References
4 ‘As Well Armed as the Criminal’: The Armed Tradition
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Armed Tradition in the United States
4.3 The Armed Tradition and Police Use of Firearms
4.4 The Spread of the Armed Tradition
4.5 A Case Study in Weaponisation: Victoria Police
4.6 Chapter Conclusion
References
5 Operationalising Minimum Force: The Need for Evidence
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Doctrine of Minimum Force
5.3 Study Context and Rationale
5.4 The Operationalisation of Minimum Force
5.4.1 England and Wales
5.4.2 Canada
5.4.3 New Zealand
5.4.4 Australia
5.5 Research Method
5.5.1 Procedure
5.5.2 Analysis
5.5.3 Limitations
5.6 Chapter Conclusion
References
6 ‘The Law of the Instrument’: Examining the Nexus Between Safety and the Routine Arming of Police Officers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Community and Police Safety
6.3 Research Findings: Community and Police Safety
6.3.1 Population Data: National and City
6.3.2 Sworn Police Personnel: National and City
6.3.3 Key Crime Indicators
6.3.4 Homicide
6.3.5 Other Major Crime Indicators
6.3.6 Other Major Crime Indicators: Analysis by Country
6.3.7 Other Major Crime Indicators: Analysis by City
6.3.8 Civilians Fatally Shot by Police
6.3.9 Non-fatal Police Shootings: National
6.3.10 Other Non-lethal Uses of Force: Conducted Energy Devices
6.3.11 Police Deaths: National
6.3.12 Police Deaths: City
6.3.13 Police Injury
6.4 Chapter Conclusion
References
7 ‘The Devil’s Right Hand’: Policing, Media and Weapons Product Placement
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Product Placement
7.2.1 Product Placement: The Example of Tobacco
7.2.2 Weapon Product Placement
7.2.3 The Cultural Dominance of US Fictional Drama
7.3 Weapon Product Placement and Scripting
7.4 Chapter Conclusion
References
8 Do Police Need Guns?
8.1 Concluding Thoughts
References
