This book explores, situates, and discusses the contours of urban inclusivity amidst and beyond the well-researched neoliberal turn in urban governance. While it is generally accepted that urban social issues are susceptible to global woes, these perceptions draw only limited attention to the plurality of interventions that cities undertake―or facilitate―in managing their social turfs. By addressing the apparent lack of theorizations on everyday heterogeneities in urban place-making, especially in non-Western contexts, this book highlights the role of inclusionary practices by different stakeholders as an explicit pattern of urbanization. It does so by focusing on old urban centralities that have an outspoken history in experimenting with inclusivity.
The book is guided by two interrelated questions: (1) What particular urban settings promote inclusionary features in contrast to the conspicuous exclusionary mechanisms of market-led urbanization, and (2) how do we conceptualize these features in dialogue with concurrent urban theories that continue to grapple with the structural properties of exclusionary urbanization under the auspices of the neoliberal turn and gentrification? To answer these questions, the chapters provide a rich empirical account of inclusionary initiatives by the city governments, the voluntary organization sector, and informal communities, each revealing a unique new set of spatial approaches to urban inclusivity. The book concludes with the political implications of envisioning urban inclusivity as a negotiatory moment between key stakeholder interests in a capitalist society.
Primarily intended for researchers and graduate students in the fields of urban geography, sociology, migration, and welfare studies, the book is also a valuable source for policymakers and practitioners in the fields of social planning and civil society at large.
Author(s): Toshio Mizuuchi, Geerhardt Kornatowski, Taku Fukumoto
Series: International Perspectives in Geography, 20
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 343
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Introduction: Towards a Framework of Urban Inclusivity
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Framework
3 Variegated Gentrification?
4 On Contradictions, Interconnectivity, and Coherence of Urban Space
5 The Structure of this Book
6 Prospects
References
Gentrification and Adversarial Inner-City Neighbourhoods
Gentrification Not as a “Dirty Word”: a Brief History of Recent Residential Rights in Tokyo, Japan
1 The Saying “Gentrification as a Dirty Word” is Irrelevant in Japan
2 Tenant Protection Brought About by the Lack of Surplus Capital—The Beginning of the 20th Century, and Following the Defeat in WWII
3 Enhancement of Tenant Protection and Land Investment: From the High Growth Period to the Bubble Period
4 Weakening of Tenant Protection Due to the Securitization of Real Estate: From the Collapse of Bubble Period to Present
5 Summary and Future Possibilities
References
Defining Japanese Gentrification in Comparison to the Global North and South
1 Introduction
2 Neoliberal Urban Policies and Gentrification in the North/West
2.1 Japanese Gentrification Literature
3 Japanese Gentrification Compared to the Global North and South
4 Arguments for and Against Gentrification in the Western Literature and Conceptual Alternatives
5 Thinking Out of the Revitalisation Construct
5.1 Neighbourhood Commons as an Alternative
References
Jjokbang as Symbols of Poverty: The Creation and Eradication of the Last Residential Safety-Net in Seoul, South Korea
1 Introduction: The Transformation of Korean Slums
2 The Discovery of Jjokbang: Residences for Potential Nosukin (Homeless People)
3 The Structure and Function of Jjokbang
4 The Development of Jjokbang Policies
5 Conflict Between “Jjokbang Aid” and “Development”
6 In Conclusion: Conditions for the Survival of Jjokbang
References
Material Changes, Symbolic Transformations: Commercial Gentrification and Urban Change in Turin, Italy
1 Introduction
2 Changing Landscapes of Consumption
3 The Case of San Salvario, Turin
3.1 Turin on the Move
3.2 A Focus on San Salvario
3.3 Material Changes, Symbolic Transformations
4 Conclusions
References
The Inclusive Properties of Service Hub Neighbourhoods
Service Hubs: Stuck in Time, Stuck in Place
1 Introduction: Service Hubs, Gentrification and Resilience
1.1 Case Study 1: Sydney Service Hubs
1.2 Case Study 2: London Service Hubs
1.3 Case Study 3: Los Angeles
2 Conclusions: Stuck in Place, Stuck in Time?
References
Spatial Dynamics and Strengths of Service Hubs Addressing Homelessness in Global Miami
1 Introduction
2 Global Miami’s “Progressive” Response to Mass Homelessness
3 Mapping Miami’s Homelessness Management Archipelago
4 Subjective Experiences of Miami’s Homelessness Management Archipelago
4.1 Transportation
4.2 Employment and Volunteer Opportunities
4.3 Service System Entry
4.4 Social Ties
4.5 Safety
5 Conclusion
References
The Impact of Increasing Welfare Needs and Exclusion of Homeless People in the Urban Underclass Communities of Kotobuki, Yokohama
1 Increasing Welfare Needs in Low-Income Urban Communities
2 Kotobuki’s Background and Recent Development
2.1 Kotobuki’s Past Development
2.2 Changes in Kotobuki as a Town for Day Labourers
2.3 The Impact of Globalization on Kotobuki
3 Changes in Social Structure in Kotobuki and Its Negative Impact on the Homeless
3.1 Decreasing Demand for Day-Labourers and Changes in Social Structure in Kotobuki and Its Negative Impact on the Homeless
3.2 The Increasing Number of Socially Vulnerable People and the Concentration of Welfare Recipients
3.3 Changes in Social Structure in Kotobuki
4 Changes in the Community and Local Support Activities in Kotobuki
5 The New “Town Development” in Kotobuki
6 Who is Excluded from Welfare in Kotobuki?
7 Conclusion
References
Structurational Perspectives on the Resilience of Homeless People in Hong Kong
1 Introduction
2 Homelessness in Hong Kong
2.1 How Homelessness is Portrayed
3 Punitive Framing
3.1 Passive Victims or Agentic Subjects?
4 Studies on Homelessness in Hong Kong and Research Gap
5 Structuration
6 Nin’s Story
6.1 A Homeless Woman
6.2 Dispelling Misconception of Homeless People as Helpless Victims
6.3 Between ‘Choice’ and ‘No Choice’
6.4 Contesting Socially-Constructed Artifice of Home and Homelessness
7 Ming’s Story
7.1 Deviance as Action to Break Free from Social Constraints
7.2 Navigating Support Networks of Dual Natures
7.3 Asserting the Right to be Homeless
8 Discussions and Implications on Social Work
8.1 Light Walker Community Guided Tour
References
Voluntary Services in Disordered Space: The Inner-City Service Hub for Foreign Workers in Singapore
1 Introduction
2 The Service Hub in Context
3 Workers’ Mobility Regulated
4 The Making of the Service Hub: From Suspicion to Acceptance
5 Managing the Service Hub
5.1 Operational Space
5.2 Spaces of Expression
5.3 Contesting the Status-Quo of the Service Hub
6 Conclusion
References
Consolidation of Inner-City Social Relations
Transition or Consolidation? The Role of Inner-City Neighbourhoods in the Integration of Immigrants in Brussels, Belgium
1 Urban Ecology and the Zone of Transition
2 The Urban Ecology of Brussels
3 Transition or Consolidation in Brussels
3.1 The Origin of the Transition Zone
3.2 The “Guestworkers”’ Invasion
3.3 The Origin of Consolidation
3.4 The Second Invasion
4 Kuregem and the Limits to Consolidation
5 Concluding Thoughts
References
Absence of Urban Policy: The Historical Transformation of Korean Resident Areas in Osaka, Japan
1 Ethnic/Racial Segregation and Gentrification
2 Socio-spatial Characteristics in Osaka with Respect to Segregation and Gentrification
2.1 Trends in Segregation and Symptoms of Gentrification in Contemporary Osaka
2.2 Korean Residents in Osaka
3 Spatial Overlapping of Residence and Workplace in Korean Residential Clusters
4 Social Movements During the 1980s for Rights to Inhabitance
5 Resistance Toward Gentrification or Residual Urban Spaces?
References
Community Creation and Current Changes in Higashikujo, Kyoto
1 Introduction
2 The Creation of Higashikujo as a Neighbourhood with a Poor Standard of Living
3 The Creation of Higashikujo as a Neighbourhood Where People Live Together
4 Independent Life Support Practices that Support Living Together
5 The Intersection of Higashikujo Policies Guaranteeing Human Rights and Policies to Invigorate the Area in Front of Kyoto Station
6 Exploring Higashikujo as a Model Area for “Young People and Art”
7 The Sudden Increase of Guest Houses and Minpaku (Private Residence Temporarily Taking Lodgers) that Used Empty Space and Empty Houses
8 Conclusion
References
Uncovering Inclusivity in London’s Inner City: A Historical Analysis of Diversity and Its Relation to Gentrification in Brixton
1 Introduction
2 The Influx and Establishment of Caribbean Community in Brixton
3 From a War-Damaged Area to an Inner City and then to a Riot Area
4 Social and Spatial Diversity as the Foundations of Inclusivity
5 The Changes in Brixton Caused by Gentrification
6 Foodbanks as Bearers of Inclusivity
6.1 Brixton Soup Kitchen
6.2 Norwood and Brixton Foodbank
7 Conclusion
References
Urban Policies for Social Inclusivity
Housing Policy and the Role of Housing Associations: Urban Renewal in the Bijlmermeer, Amsterdam
1 Introduction
2 Changes in Dutch National Policy
2.1 The Restructuring of the Social Housing Sector in the 1990s
2.2 Mixed Income Housing and Neighbourhood Renewal Policy in the Netherlands
2.3 Changing Circumstances for the Housing Associations: The 2008 Crisis and the Parliamentary Inquiry
2.4 The Role of the European Union: Towards a Means-Tested Social Housing Sector in the Netherlands
3 The Amsterdam Case
3.1 Social Housing in Amsterdam
3.2 Mutual Dependency Between Local Government and Housing Associations—Policy Agreements
3.3 Urban Revitalization 1995–2010
4 The Bijlmermeer Case
4.1 Original Plans and Layout
4.2 The Role of Housing Association(s) and Municipality
4.3 Physical Renewal
4.4 Aims of the Renewal
4.5 Social and Economic Renewal
4.6 Resident Survey and Relocation
4.7 Increased Satisfaction with the Neighbourhood
5 Conclusion
References
From “Politique de la Ville” to “Renouvellement Urbain”: Paradigm Shifts of Urbanism in Plaine Saint Denis, Paris
1 Introduction
2 The Urban Transformation Processes of Plaine Saint Denis
3 The Emergence of Socioeconomic Problems in Peripheries and “French Urban Policy (Politique de la Ville)”
4 The Urban Transformation of Plaine Saint Denis in the Paradigm Shift of Urbanism: 1970–1990
5 Alternative Approaches to the Peripheries: A Brief Overview
6 Conclusion
References
From Confinement to Dispersion: The Changing Geographies of Homeless Policies and the Last Housing Safety Net in Tokyo
1 Development of the Post-war Housing Safety Net
2 Before Homeless Assistance: From Labourer Movements to NPOs
3 Evolution of Homeless Policies: From Local Policy Initiatives to a Nationwide Legal Framework
4 Geographies of Homelessness in Tokyo
5 Geographies of Tokyo’s Housing Safety Net
6 From Confinement Towards Social Inclusion in Tokyo
References
Housing Policies and the (Re-)Shaping of the Inner-City: The Case of Osaka City’s Nishinari Ward
1 Introduction: Public Assistance and the Inner-City
2 Industrialization and the Urban Fringe
2.1 The Emergence of the Flophouse District Kamagasaki
2.2 The Development of a New Outcast Area
3 Social Movements and the Rise of the Public Sector
3.1 Day Laborer Riots and Flophouses
3.2 The Buraku Liberation Movement and Housing
4 Local Communities, the Market and Welfare
4.1 The Transformation of the Airin District
4.2 Towards Policies for Densely Built-Up Areas
5 Conclusion
References
From Stigma to Pride: New Practices of Housing-Based Welfare for Regenerating Disadvantaged Communities in Taipei City, Taiwan
1 Introduction
2 Homeless Issues and Service
3 Homeless Support in Taipei City
4 Social Disadvantage and Poverty Issues in the Longshan Temple Area
4.1 Housing-Based Welfare Support in the Longshan Temple Area
4.2 The Private Rental Apartment and the Residents
4.3 The Hidden Taipei City Tour and the KIGE Workshop
5 Conclusion
References
Synthesis
