Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Empowering a Sustainable, Competitive, and Secure Twenty-First Century

Front-Matter_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities
Copyright_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Dedication
Citations_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Citations
Foreword_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Foreword
Preface_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Preface
Acknowledgments_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Acknowledgments
Chapter-One---What-Kind-of-Energy-D_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-
One . What Kind of Energy Does the World Need?
1.1 . Distributed renewable energy
1.1.1 What kind of energy does the world need?
1.1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Distributed renewable energy for energy access
References
1.2 . Using distributed energy resources to meet the trilemma challenges
1.2.1 Energy trilemma index
1.2.2 Dimensions
1.2.3 Monitoring the sustainability of national energy systems
Reference
1.3 . Scope of the book
1.3.1 Distribution
1.3.2 Distributed energy generation
1.3.3 Distributed energy supply
1.3.4 Community power
1.3.5 Off-grid systems
1.3.6 Concluding remarks
Further reading
Chapter-Two---Restructuring-future-ene_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-f
Two . Restructuring future energy generation and supply
2.1 Basic challenges
2.2 Current and future energy supplies
2.3 Peak oil
2.4 Availability of alternative resources
2.5 Outlook
References
Further reading
Chapter-three---Road-map-of-distributed_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-
three . Road map of distributed renewable energy communities
3.1 Energy and sustainable development
3.2 Community involvement
3.3 Facing the challenges
3.4 The concept of the food and agriculture organization, an integrated energy community
3.5 Global approach
3.5.1 Basic elements of energy demand
3.5.1.1 Heat
3.5.1.2 Electric power
3.5.1.3 Water
3.5.1.4 Lighting
3.5.1.5 Cooking
3.5.1.6 Health and sanitation
3.5.1.7 Communications
3.5.1.8 Mobility
3.5.1.9 Agriculture
3.5.1.10 Maintenance workshops and small marketsindustries
3.6 Basic and extended needs
3.6.1 Typical electricity demands
3.6.2 Single- and multiple-phase island grid
3.6.2.1 Version 1: single-phase island grid
3.6.2.2 Version 2: three-phase island grid
3.6.2.3 Version 3: three-phase island grid and parallel operation of the Sunny Island inverter
3.6.3 System solution for island grids
3.7 Representative energy plant species for different climate regions
3.7.1 Temperate climate
3.7.2 Representative energy plant species for different climate regions (arid and semiarid climate)
3.7.3 Representative energy plant species for different climate regions (tropical and subtropical climate)
3.8 Regional implementation
3.9 Opportunities driven by energy sector coupling
3.9.1 Demand-side flexibility programs
References
Further reading
Chapter-four---Planning-of-integrated_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-fo
four . Planning of integrated renewable communities
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Scenario 1
4.3 Scenario 2
4.4 Case study I: implementation of integrated energy farm under climatic conditions of central Europe
4.4.1 Specifications
4.4.2 Distribution of farm area
4.4.3 Farm production
4.4.4 Energy requirement
4.4.4.1 Administration and household
4.4.4.2 Agricultural activities
4.4.4.3 Site energy production
4.4.4.4 Origin of biomass
4.4.4.5 Contribution of different renewable energy sources
4.4.4.6 Investment requirement
4.5 Case study II: arid and semiarid regions
4.5.1 Specifications
4.5.2 Farm production
4.5.3 Energy requirement
4.5.3.1 Administration and household
4.5.3.2 Agricultural activities
4.5.3.3 Energy production on the farm
4.5.3.4 Origin of biomass
4.5.3.5 Contribution of different renewable energy sources
4.5.3.6 Investment requirement
Further reading
Chapter-Five---The-water-energy_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-
Five . The water–energy–food nexus
5.1 Determination of community requirements for energy, water, and food
5.1.1 Definitions
5.2 Modeling approaches
5.2.1 Scenario 1
5.2.2 Scenario 2
5.3 Data acquisition
5.4 Determination of energy and food requirements
5.4.1 Agricultural activities
5.4.2 Households
5.4.2.1 Heat energy
5.4.2.2 Electricity
5.4.3 Food requirement
5.5 Energy potential analysis
5.5.1 Solar energy
5.5.2 Exploitation of solar energy
5.5.3 Solar thermal system
5.5.4 Solar photovoltaics
5.6 Data collection and processing for energy use
5.6.1 Water and space heating
5.6.2 Drying of agricultural produce
5.7 Wind energy
5.8 Biomass
5.8.1 Energetic use of biomass
5.8.1.1 Combustion
5.8.1.2 Extraction
5.8.2 Biogas production
References
Further reading
Chapter-Six---Energy-bas_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Co
Six . Energy basics
6.1 Basics of energy
6.1.1 Energy rating
6.1.2 Energy consumption
6.2 Special topics relating to electricity
6.2.1 Gross and net electricity production
6.2.2 Electricity sales
6.2.3 Efficiency for fossil fuel and nuclear sources
6.2.4 Energy equivalent for non–fossil fuel sources
6.2.5 Energy generation
6.3 Global contribution
6.4 Resources and applications
References
Further reading
Chapter-Seven---Solar-energy--Techn_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-
Seven . Solar energy: technologies and options
7.1 Worldwide installed capacities
7.2 Photovoltaic
7.3 Global PV market
7.4 Applications
7.4.1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory design new solar cell with efficiency
7.4.2 High-concentration photovoltaics
7.5 Accumulation of soiling on solar energy systems
7.6 Concentrating solar thermal power
7.7 Solar thermal collectors
7.8 Solar cookers and solar ovens
7.8.1 Advantages and disadvantages of solar cookers
7.8.1.1 Advantages
7.8.1.2 Disadvantages
References
Further reading
Chapter-Eight---Wind-ene_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Co
Eight . Wind energy
8.1 Wind power and wind energy
8.2 Types of wind turbines
8.2.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbines
8.2.2 Vertical-axis design
8.2.2.1 Darrieus wind turbine
8.2.2.2 Giromill
8.2.2.3 Savonius wind turbine
8.2.2.4 Twisted Savonius
8.3 Global market
8.4 Offshore wind farm Dogger Bank
8.5 Small wind turbines
8.5.1 Market overview of small wind turbine
References
Further reading
Chapter-Nine---Energy-resources--global-_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies
Nine . Energy resources, global contribution, and applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bioenergy and biofuels: innovation and technology progress
9.3 Characteristics and potentials
9.4 Solid biofuels
9.4.1 Charcoal
9.4.2 Solid biomass fuels in Austria
9.4.2.1 Boilers and stoves
9.4.3 Briquettes
9.4.4 Pellets
9.5 Biogas and biomethane
9.5.1 Ethanol
9.5.2 Bio-oils
9.6 Conversion systems to heat, power, and electricity
9.6.1 Combined heat and power
9.6.1.1 Heat
9.6.1.2 Electricity
9.6.2 Steam technology
9.6.3 Gasification
9.6.4 Biomass stoves
9.6.5 Pyrolysis
9.6.6 Methanol
9.6.7 Synthetic oil
9.6.8 Fuel cells
9.6.9 The Stirling engine
9.6.10 Algae
9.6.10.1 Algae bioreactors
9.6.11 Hydrogen
9.7 Outlook
References
Further reading
Chapter-Ten---Hydropow_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Comm
Ten . Hydropower
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Global production of hydropower energy
10.3 Types of hydropower plants
10.3.1 Impoundment plants
10.3.2 Diversion plants
10.3.3 Pumped storage plants
10.3.4 Sizes of hydroelectric power plants
10.3.4.1 Large hydropower
10.3.4.2 Small hydropower
10.3.4.3 Microhydropower
10.4 Types of turbines
10.4.1 Modern turbine types
10.4.1.1 Pelton, Cross-flow and Turgo turbines
10.4.1.2 Kaplan and Francis turbines
10.4.1.3 Archimedes’ screw and Waterwheel turbines
10.5 Relative efficiencies
10.6 Assessment of hydropower potential
10.7 Impact of climate change on hydropower generation
References
Chapter-Eleven---Marine-e_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-C
Eleven . Marine energy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ocean thermal energy conversion
11.2.1 Ocean thermal energy conversion systems technology
11.2.1.1 Closed cycle
11.2.1.2 Open cycle
11.2.1.3 Hybrid cycle
11.3 Advantages and disadvantages
11.3.1 Advantages
11.3.2 Disadvantages
11.4 Ocean tidal power
11.5 Ocean wave power
11.5.1 Offshore systems
11.5.2 Onshore systems
11.6 Environmental and economic challenges
References
Further reading
Chapter-Twelve---Geothermal_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid
Twelve . Geothermal energy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The history of geothermal energy
12.3 Geothermal heat pumps
12.4 Geothermal electricity
12.5 Environmental effects, benefits, and economic costs
12.6 The future of geothermal energy
References
Further reading
Chapter-Thirteen---Energy-storage--smar_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-
Thirteen . Energy storage, smart grids, and electric vehicles
13.1 Energy storage
13.1.1 Batteries and hydrogen technology: keys for a clean energy future
13.1.2 Storage methods
13.1.3 Technologies for upregulation and downregulation
13.2 Smart grids
13.2.1 Definition and importance
13.2.2 Smart meters
13.2.3 United States version
13.2.3.1 Challenges
13.2.4 European strategies
13.2.5 Korean version
13.3 Electric vehicles
13.3.1 Current developments
13.3.2 Types of electric vehicles
13.3.3 Global battery electric vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle sales
13.3.4 Types of electric vehicles
13.3.4.1 Battery electric vehicles
13.3.4.2 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
13.3.4.3 Hybrid electric vehicles
13.4 Future developments
References
Further reading
Chapter-Fourteen---Current-distributed-rene_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energ
Fourteen . Current distributed renewable energy in rural and urban communities
14.1 Thisted, Denmark: 100% renewable energy community
14.1.1 Implementation
14.2 Samsø island
14.3 Energy island of VindØ
14.4 Kampala, Uganda taxi-bike drivers move to electric bikes
14.5 Rural community of Jühnde
14.6 Containerized solar minigrid, Fanidiama village, Mali
14.7 Decentralized desalination systems powered by solar energy in Maasai, Tanzania
14.8 Road map to renewable energy in remote communities in Australia
14.9 Iraq Dream Homes
14.10 Renewables in Africa
14.10.1 Hydropower
14.10.2 Biomass
14.10.3 Geothermal
14.10.4 Wind power
14.10.5 Solar power
14.10.6 Biofuels
14.10.7 Energy efficiency
14.11 Renewables in India
14.12 Distributed renewable energy and solar oases for deserts and arid regions: the DESERTEC concept
14.13 Vatican City
14.13.1 And suddenly there was light!
References
Further reading
Chapter-Fifteen---Ownership--citizens-pa_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies
Fifteen . Ownership, citizens participation and economic trends
15.1 Community ownership
15.1.1 Benefits of community energy
15.2 Citizens' participation
15.3 The Danish ownership model
15.4 Integration of the energy supply by public ownership
15.5 Economic impacts
15.6 Socioeconomic benefits and economic impacts of Renewables 2019
Renewable Generation Capacity by Region.
15.7 Actions for broadening the ownership of renewables
15.8 Global investment's in renewables
15.9 Costs of renewables
References
Further reading
Chapter-Sixteen---The-importance-o_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-O
Sixteen . The importance of green mobility
16.1 Environmental and social impacts
16.1.1 The CO2 impact of transport
16.1.2 Air pollution and health
16.2 Mobility on the road
16.2.1 Available technologies
16.2.1.1 Conventional fossil fuels
16.2.1.2 Liquefied petroleum gas
16.2.1.3 Natural gas and its alternatives
16.2.1.3.1 Synthetic natural gas
16.2.1.3.2 Unconventional fossil methane
16.2.1.3.3 Biogas and biomethane
16.2.1.3.4 Vehicles run on methane
16.2.1.4 Biofuels
16.2.1.4.1 First-generation biofuels
16.2.1.4.2 Second-generation biofuels
16.2.1.4.3 Third-generation biofuels
16.2.1.4.4 Fourth-generation biofuels
16.2.1.5 Electricity
16.2.1.6 Hydrogen
16.2.1.7 Hybrids
16.2.1.8 Electrofuels
16.2.1.8.1 Ammonia
16.2.1.8.2 Carbon electrofuels
16.2.2 Light-duty transportation
16.2.3 Heavy-duty transportation
16.3 Mobility on the rail
16.4 Mobility on the water
16.5 Mobility in the air
16.6 Rethinking mobility: are there any alternatives to current models?
References
Chapter-Seventeen---Water-desalination--puri_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Ener
Seventeen . Water desalination, purification, irrigation, and wastewater treatment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Renewable energy and pumps
17.2.1 Selection of pumps operating by renewable energy
17.2.2 Solar pumps
17.2.3 Wind pumps
17.2.3.1 Example
17.2.4 Biomass energy and biofuel pumps
17.2.4.1 Solid biofuel for pumps
17.2.4.2 Liquid biofuel for pumps
17.2.4.3 Biogas fuel for pumps
17.2.4.3.1 Example
17.3 Renewable energy and water purification
17.4 Renewable energy and desalination
17.5 Renewable energy and wastewater treatment
17.6 Renewable energy and farm irrigation
References
Chapter-Eighteen---Technologies-at-t_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for
Eighteen . Technologies at the experimental stages
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Fusion power
18.3 Antimatter energy
18.4 Atmospheric electricity
18.5 Microalgae
18.6 Osmotic power
18.7 Advanced hydrogen technology
18.8 Outlook
Reference
Further reading
Chapter-Nineteen---Drivers-for-digi_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-
Nineteen . Drivers for digitalization of energy
References
Chapter-Twenty---Blockch_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Co
Twenty . Blockchain
20.1 Characteristics of blockchain
20.2 Blockchain technology background
References
Chapter-Twenty-one---Grid-challenges--Integra_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Ene
Twenty one . Grid challenges: integration of distributed renewables with the national grid
21.1 The electricity distribution grid
21.1.1 Transmission and distribution line
21.2 Siemens to install smart distribution networks in Iraqi Provinces
21.3 Penetration of renewables in the grid
21.4 Development direction, cyberattacks, and outlook
21.4.1 Rapid growth of coordination and control technology for future distributed generation
References
Further reading
Chapter-Twenty-Two---Marshall-plan-for-Empowering_2021_Distributed-Renewable
Twenty Two . Marshall plan for Empowering Urban and Rural Communities: strategies toward poverty and migration reduction
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Background
22.2 Integrated energy settlement, Wierthe, Germany
22.3 Desert culture in Al Minya, Egypt
22.3.1 The vital role of deserts
22.3.1.1 Farm benchmark and design
22.3.1.1.1 Animals
22.3.1.2 Cultivated crops in the Minya Farm
22.3.1.3 Energy supply
22.3.1.4 Infrastructure facilities
22.3.1.5 Irrigation water and methods
22.3.1.6 Recommendations for improvement, upgrading, and rehabilitation of the farm
22.3.1.7 Agriculture
22.3.1.7.1 Farm design
22.3.1.8 Desert plant adaptations and survival
22.3.1.8.1 Restructuring of the farm and creating new facilities
22.3.1.8.2 Energy sector
22.3.1.8.3 Energy forms
22.3.1.8.4 Irrigation systems: the following irrigation systems should be compared:
22.3.1.8.5 Research, training, education, and facilities
22.3.1.8.6 Economic and social impacts
22.3.1.8.7 Impact on climate, environment, and desertification
22.3.1.8.8 Financing, funding, and sponsorship sources of the project
22.3.1.8.9 Outlook, recommendations, and procedure for implementation
References
Further reading
Internet sources
22.3 . Integrated energy settlement in Rousse, Bulgaria
22.3.1 Objectives of the project
22.3.2 Adaptation of the integrated energy farm concept for Bulgaria
22.3.3 Working plan
22.3.3.1 Detailed description of the site to plan the integrated energy farm in Bulgaria
22.3.4 Analysis of collected data for the site
22.3.4.1 Current state of energy demand and supply
22.3.4.2 Renewable energy sources of the site
22.3.4.2.1 Solar energy
22.3.4.2.2 Wind energy
22.3.4.2.3 Biomass potential
22.3.5 Project outlines
22.3.5.1 Requirements
22.3.5.1.1 Scope of project (total project activity and supply)
22.3.5.2 Implementation of energy plantation
22.3.5.3 Scope: contribution of local authorities for project
22.3.5.4 Scope: contribution of project (outsourcing)
References
Further reading
22.4 . Sustainable development of village of Kiga, Iran
22.4.1 Integration of renewable energy and fuel conservation for the sustainable development of the village of Kiga, Tehran, Iran
22.4.1.1 Justification for the project site selection of Kiga village
22.4.1.2 Strategic analysis
22.4.1.3 Social and commercial characteristics of Kiga village
22.4.2 Determination and evaluation of energy consumption and needs
22.4.2.1 Modeling approaches
22.4.3 Typical user's appliances in remote areas
22.4.4 Heat supply
22.4.5 Biomass and food
22.4.5.1 Identification of needs and options
22.4.6 Options for the implementation of the project
22.4.6.1 Energy needs and supply
22.4.7 Fuel conservation
22.4.8 Conclusions
Further reading
22.5 . Empowering of three urban cities in Africa (Empowering Urban Cities in Africa)
22.5.1 Project: strengthening urban resilience in African cities
22.5.2 Objectives
22.5.3 The three African urban cities
22.5.3.1 Technical framework of the project
22.5.3.2 Conducting the survey
22.5.3.3 Data acquisition, evaluation, processing, and analysis of the results
22.5.3.4 Recommendations for resilience implementation
22.5.3.5 Presentation of scientific project objective
References
Further reading
Chapter-Twenty-three---Our-vision-for-peace-_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Ener
Twenty three . Our vision for peace via renewables: power, water and food for all
23.1 Key words “solar oases”
23.2 Procedure
23.3 Concluding remarks and outlook
Further reading
Twenty three . . Additional note
The plan
Appendix-One---Glossa_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Commu
One - Glossary
Regional definitions
Appendix-Two---List-of-energy-abbrev_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for
Two - List of energy abbreviations and acronyms
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Residential energy acronyms
Key energy acronyms and terms
Acronyms: agencies and organizations
Acronyms and abbreviations
Units of measure
Unit conversion factors
Multiply by to obtain
Abbreviations and acronyms
Appendix-Three---Conversion-_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Gri
Tree - Conversion factors
Units and conversions
General conversion factors for energy:
Conversion factors for mass:
Conversion factors for volume:
Decimal prefixes:
Some conversion factors you may need to assess your site's feasibility:
Energy conversion and related WEC conversions
Conversion factors and energy equivalents
Conversion factors and energy equivalents
Basic energy units
Appendix-Four---Inventory-of-photovoltaic-s_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energ
Four - Inventory of photovoltaic systems for sustainable rural development
Index_2021_Distributed-Renewable-Energies-for-Off-Grid-Communities
Index
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