Distributed Energy Resources: Solutions for a Low Carbon Society

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Why Do We Need the Distributed Energy Solution for Low-Carbon Society?
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Current Status and Bottleneck of International Energy Development
1.1.2 World Energy Demand Trend Forecast
1.1.3 Current Status and Bottleneck of Japan Energy Development
1.2 General Structure of a Distributed Energy System
1.2.1 District Cooling and Heating
1.2.2 Combined Heat and Power
1.2.3 Gas Turbine (GT)
1.2.4 Renewable and Unutilized Energy Resources
1.2.4.1 Solar Power Generation
1.2.4.2 Wind Power Generation
1.2.5 Energy Storage System (ESS)
1.2.6 Fuel Cell
1.2.7 Hydrogen Energy System
1.3 Possibility and Challenge of Distributed Energy Resources
1.3.1 Problems of Introducing Distributed Energy Resources
1.3.1.1 Economic Problem
1.3.1.2 Technology Problem
1.3.2 Design Concept of Distributed Energy Resources
References
Chapter 2: Integration and Application of Distributed Energy Resources and the Distributed Energy System in Japan
2.1 Present Condition of Distributed Energy Systems in Japan
2.1.1 Concept of a Distributed Energy System
2.1.2 Combined Heat and Power
2.2 Distributed Energy System in KSRP
2.2.1 Introduction of KSRP
2.2.2 Distributed Energy System at KSRP
2.3 Evaluation of Distributed Energy System Efficiency
2.3.1 Electricity Generation and Efficiency of the Gas Engine
2.3.2 Electricity Generation and Efficiency of the Fuel Cell
References
Chapter 3: Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Solar Photovoltaic Energy: Comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the Unit...
3.1 Support Policies and PV Technology Development in China, Germany, Japan, and the USA
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Investigation of PV Incentive Policies in China, Germany, Japan, and the USA
3.1.3 Impacts of Incentive Policies on PV Development in China, Germany, Japan, and the USA
3.2 Techno-economic Analysis of Solar PV Energy in China, Germany, Japan, and the USA
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.1.1 PV System Model
3.2.1.2 The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)
3.2.1.3 Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
3.2.1.4 Simulation Parameters
3.2.1.5 Research Location
3.2.2 Techno-economic Analysis Results of PV Systems
3.2.2.1 China
3.2.2.2 Germany
3.2.2.3 Japan
3.2.2.4 USA
3.2.3 Comparative Analysis of PV System Economic Indicators in Four Countries
3.2.3.1 The LCOE of PV Systems in Four Countries
3.2.3.2 Discussion
References
Chapter 4: The Implementation and Integration of Renewable Energy and Its Impact on the Public Grid
4.1 Renewable Energy Integration: Opportunity and Challenge
4.1.1 The Development and Status of Renewable Energy
4.1.2 Characteristics of Renewable Energy in the Real Grid
4.2 The Application of the Electricity Storage System
4.2.1 Pumped Storage System
4.2.2 Prediction of Energy Storage System Installation
4.2.3 Utilization of Energy Storage Systems
4.2.4 Results and Analysis of the Impact of PHS on the Power Grid
4.3 Suggestions for Future Renewable Energy Development
References
Chapter 5: Design and Optimization of Distributed Energy Systems
5.1 Concept of Design and Optimization of DER System
5.2 Single-Objective Optimization Model
5.2.1 Description of the Model
5.2.2 Decision Variables
5.2.3 Objective Function
5.2.4 Main Constraints
5.2.4.1 Energy Balance and Supply-Demand Relationships
5.2.4.2 Performance Characteristics of System Components
5.2.5 Solution Method
5.3 Multi-objective Optimization Model
5.3.1 Multi-objective Optimization Problem
5.3.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem
5.3.3 Solution Method
5.4 Structural Optimization Including Network Layout
5.4.1 Description of the Structural Optimization Problem
5.4.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem
5.5 Numerical Study of an Eco-campus
5.5.1 Single-Objective Optimization Results
5.5.1.1 Setting of Scenarios
5.5.1.2 Optimal System Combination
5.5.1.3 Optimal Operation Strategies
5.5.1.4 Economic Analysis
5.5.1.5 Environmental and Energetic Analysis
5.5.1.6 Sensitivity Analysis
Energy Demand Scale Sensitivity
Electricity Tariff Sensitivity
City Gas Price Sensitivity
5.5.2 Multi-objective Optimization Results
5.5.3 Structure Optimization Results
5.5.3.1 Description of the Case Study
5.5.3.2 Optimal Energy System Structure
5.6 Nomenclature
References
Chapter 6: Integrated Plan and Evaluation of Distributed Energy System by Area Energy Network in Smart Community Toward Low Ca...
6.1 Distributed Energy with Area Energy Network
6.1.1 The Trend of Distributed Energy and Area Energy Network
6.1.2 General Structure of Area Energy Network
6.1.3 Classification of Area Energy Network with Heat
6.1.4 Energy Conservation Effect of Area Energy Network
6.1.5 Planning and Design of Area Energy Network Procedure for Its Introduction
6.2 A Model for Area Energy Network by Offline Heat Transport System and Distributed Energy Systems
6.2.1 The Demand-Response Network Model
6.2.2 District Energy Using Concept and Operation Hypothesis
6.3 Energy Balance Management and Simulation Modeling
6.3.1 Simulation Flow
6.3.2 Estimation of District Energy Consumption
6.3.3 The Electricity Balanced Management
6.4 The Design and Modeling for the PCM System
6.4.1 The Offline Heat Transportation System with PCM
6.4.2 PCM for Collecting the FEH
6.4.2.1 PCM for the Heat Delivery Between the Groups
6.4.3 The Heat Balanced Management
6.4.4 Assessment Index Setting
6.5 Case Study
6.5.1 Energy Load
6.5.2 FEH Load
6.5.2.1 Methods
6.5.2.2 The Estimation Result of the Exhaust Heat
6.5.3 DEG Technologies and District Energy System
6.5.4 Setting of Cases
6.6 Results and Discussions
6.6.1 The Effect of Electricity Sharing in DRN System
6.6.2 The Effect of Heat Sharing in DRN System
6.6.3 The Effect of Using Factory Exhausted Heat
6.6.4 The Effect of Introduction of Different CHP Plant
6.6.5 The Assessment from the Community Side
6.6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Residential Multi-energy System Design for Energy Saving and Economic Optimization
7.1 Characteristics and Composition of Residential Multi-energy System
7.1.1 Demand Side Management
7.1.2 Composition of Residential Multi-energy System
7.1.3 Location of Jono Zero Carbon Demonstration Projects
7.2 ZEH Low-Carbon Technology and Advanced Management
7.3 Application and Evaluation of HEMS in Residential Multi-energy System
7.3.1 IoT Smart Energy Management
7.3.2 Management Strategy and Suggestions
7.3.2.1 Management from Supplier Perspective
7.3.2.2 Suggestions for Demand Side Management
7.4 Influence of Power Market Fluctuation on Residential Electricity Cost
7.4.1 Comparison of Electricity Cost Among Different Pricing Models
7.4.2 Comparison Results and Power Market Suggestions
References
Chapter 8: Maintenance and Reliability in Distributed Energy Resource System
8.1 Maintenance and Reliability of a Complex System
8.1.1 Distributed Energy Resource System, a Complex System
8.1.1.1 The Complexity of Energy Types
8.1.1.2 The Complexity of Technologies
8.1.1.3 The Complexity of Maintenance
The Complexity of Maintenance Subjects
The Complexity of the Maintenance Types
The Complexity of the Maintenance Levels
8.1.2 System Reliability
8.1.3 Operation and Maintenance
8.1.4 Significance and Challenges of Maintenance and Reliability Research of the DER System
8.1.4.1 Significance of Maintenance and Reliability Research
8.1.4.2 Challenges
8.2 Maintenance Optimization of a DER System
8.2.1 Maintenance Strategy
8.2.1.1 Corrective Maintenance
8.2.1.2 Preventive Maintenance
8.2.1.3 Condition-Based Maintenance
8.2.1.4 Predictive Maintenance
8.2.1.5 Intelligent Predictive Maintenance
8.2.1.6 The Selection Method of Maintenance Strategy
8.2.2 Failure Diagnosis and Predictive Techniques
8.2.2.1 Fault Identification and Diagnosis
8.2.2.2 Failure Prediction
8.2.3 Maintenance Strategy Optimization Based on Risk Analysis
8.2.3.1 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, an Approach Based on Risk Assessment
8.2.3.2 Analysis Method and Process
8.3 Reliability and Maintenance Prioritization Analysis of the DER System
8.3.1 Concept of Maintenance Prioritization Analysis
8.3.2 Reliability Calculation of Complex Systems
8.3.2.1 Reliability Concepts
8.3.2.2 Reliability and Availability
8.3.2.3 Reliability Analysis Method
8.3.3 Component Reliability Importance Indices
8.4 Availability and Cost Analysis of DER System with Redundant Design
8.4.1 Reliability and Availability of System with Redundant Design
8.4.2 Cost Analysis of DER System with Redundant Design
8.4.2.1 Total Life Cycle Cost
8.4.2.2 Investment Cost of DER System with Redundant Design
8.4.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost
References
Chapter 9: Multi-criteria Evaluation of a Distributed Energy Resource System Focusing on Grid Stabilization and Carbon Emissio...
9.1 The Evaluation of the Distributed Energy Resource
9.1.1 Promotion Difficulties of the Distributed Energy Resource
9.1.2 Model Establishment of Distributed Energy Resource System
9.1.2.1 Distributed Electricity Generation System
9.1.2.2 Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) System
9.1.3 Evaluation Criteria
9.1.3.1 Economic Criteria
9.1.3.2 Environmental Criteria
9.1.3.3 Reliability Criteria
The Independence and Peak Shaving Performance During Grid Connected
The Reliability Assessment Index as Emergency Power Systems During Power Outage
9.2 Economic and Environmental Analysis of the Distributed Energy Resource System Focusing on Grid Stabilization
9.2.1 Research Object
9.2.2 Economic and Environmental Analysis Focusing on Grid Stabilization
9.2.2.1 Distributed Energy Resource System with PV and ICE
9.2.2.2 Distributed Energy Resource System with PV, ICE, and BESS
9.2.3 Summary
9.3 Multi-criteria Assessment for Optimizing Distributed Energy Resource System
9.3.1 Different Criteria
9.3.2 Comparison Results
9.3.3 Summary
9.4 Utilization of Multi-criteria Assessment Method for Two Cases of Distributed Energy Resource Systems
9.4.1 Promotion and Utilization of the Distributed Energy Resource System: A Case Study of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Powe...
9.4.1.1 Evaluation Criteria
9.4.1.2 Case Study
9.4.1.3 Summary
9.4.2 Promotion and Utilization of the Distributed Energy Resource System: A Case Study of Emergency Power System
9.4.2.1 Evaluation Criteria
9.4.2.2 Case Study
9.4.2.3 Summary
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Application Potential and Implication of Hydrogen Energy in Distributed Energy System
10.1 Economic and Potential Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Equipment in Distributed Energy System
10.1.1 The Significance of Hydrogen Energy for Energy Environment
10.1.2 Hydrogen Energy Equipment
10.1.2.1 Fuel Cell
10.1.2.2 Hydrogen Vehicle
10.1.3 Development Potential of Energy Equipment in Demand Side
10.1.3.1 Household Fuel Cell
10.1.3.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
10.2 Economic and Potential Analysis of Hydrogen Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) System
10.2.1 Research Status of Hydrogen Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) System
10.2.2 Hydrogen V2G Research Combined with Case Study
10.2.2.1 Case Study and Data Processing
10.2.2.2 Background Parameter Setting
10.2.3 Case Study Results of Hydrogen V2G
10.3 Economic and Potential Analysis of Regional Distributed Hydrogen Energy System (RDHES)
10.3.1 Research Status of RDHES
10.3.2 RDHES Research Combined with Case Study
10.3.2.1 Case Study and Data Processing
10.3.2.2 Background Parameter Setting
10.3.3 Case Study Results of RDHES
10.3.3.1 Optimization Results
10.3.3.2 Building Adaptability Analysis
10.4 Development Prospect of Hydrogen Energy in Distributed Energy System
10.4.1 Development Status of Hydrogen Energy on the Demand Side
10.4.1.1 United States
10.4.1.2 Japan
10.4.1.3 Germany
10.4.1.4 People´s Republic of China
10.4.2 Prospect of Hydrogen Energy in Distributed Energy System
References
Chapter 11: Future Prospect of Distributed Energy System
11.1 Introduction of Virtual Power Plant
11.2 Operating Principle of the Virtual Power Plant
11.3 Development Status and Achievements of VPP
11.3.1 VPP in Europe
11.3.2 VPP in China
11.3.3 VPP in Japan
11.4 Barriers and Challenges of Virtual Power Plant
11.5 Introduction of Smart Grids
11.6 Definitions of SGs in Different Countries
11.7 Development Status and Achievements of SGs
11.7.1 Infrastructure of SGs
11.7.2 Policy Support
11.7.3 Investment
11.7.4 Projects and Achievements
11.7.5 Standardization
11.8 Barriers and Challenges of SGs
References
Index