Disruptive Emerging Transportation Technologies

Book_5160_C000
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Chapter Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Book_5160_C001
Chapter 1: Emerging Technologies Impacting the Future of Transportation
1.1 Transportation Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
1.1.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques for Transportation Application
1.1.2 Introduction to Transportation Systems Management and Operation
1.1.3  Use Cases for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Transportation
1.1.3.1 Traffic Control
1.1.3.2 Decentralized Congestion Mitigation
1.1.3.3 Smart Work Zone Management
1.1.3.4 Wrong-Way Driver Detection and Mitigation
1.1.3.5 Cybersecurity Threat Detection and Mitigation
1.1.4 Conclusions of Section 1.1
1.2 Edge Computing, Fog Computing, and Cloud Computing Technologies
1.2.1 The Demand on the Existing Transportation Infrastructure
1.2.2 Cloud Computing as an Alternative Solution
1.2.3 Demand of Edge Computing
1.2.4 Overview of Edge Computing Technologies
1.2.5 Cloudlet
1.2.6 Mobile Edge Computing
1.2.7 “Fog” Computing
1.2.8 Development of Edge Computing and Associated Technologies
1.2.8.1 Edge Computing and Cloud Computing
1.2.8.2 Edge Computing and Internet of Things
1.2.8.3 Edge Computing and 5G
1.2.9 Transportation Scenarios of Applying Edge Computing
1.2.10 Building Decentralized ITS Infrastructure
1.2.11 Impact of Edge Computing on Connected and Automated Vehicle Roadside Infrastructure Migration
1.2.12 Summary of Section 1.2
1.3 Fifth-Generation Innovative Communications Technology
1.3.1 Review of 5G Data Services
1.3.2 Impact of 5G Data Services on Smart Transportation Infrastructure Enhancement
1.3.2.1 Enhanced Mobile Broadband Service Impact
1.3.2.2 Massive Machine-Type Communications Service Impact
1.3.2.3 Ultrareliable and Low-Latency Communications Service Impact
1.3.3 Impacts of 5G Data Services on Connected and Automated Vehicle Migration
1.3.4 Impact of Continuous Evolution on 5G Standards
1.3.5 Testing and Demonstration of 5G Cellular V2X
1.3.6 Challenges in the United States with 5G Cellular V2X
1.3.7 Summary of Section 1.3
1.4 Design and Development of Virtual Reality–Based Driving Simulation
1.4.1 Virtual Reality
1.4.2 Simulation of the Real World
1.4.3 Interactivity and Interface
1.4.4 Hardware
1.4.5 Software and Scenario Creation
1.4.5.1 Planning Stage
1.4.5.2 VR Creation Stage
1.4.5.3 Data Collection and Analysis
1.4.6 Demonstrated Study of Urban Mobility in Driving Simulation
1.4.7 Conclusion and Challenges to Section 1.4
1.5 Applied Internet of Things Technologies in Transportation
1.5.1 Overviewing of Internet of Things Technologies
1.5.2 IoTs Communication Technologies and Protocols
1.5.3 Standardization Migration of Internet of Things Technologies
1.5.3.1 Internet of Things Sensors
1.5.3.2 Internet of Things Supporting Cloud Services and Application Layer Protocols
1.5.3.3 Internet of Things Application Domains
1.5.3.4 Linking Internet of Things with Other Technologies
1.5.3.5 Impact of 5G Migration
1.5.3.6 Impact of Edge Computing
1.5.4 Transportation Scenarios of Applying Internet of Things
1.5.4.1 Transportation Infrastructure Monitoring and Asset Management by Internet of Things
1.5.4.2 Bridge Monitoring by Internet of Things
1.5.4.3 Smart City and ITS Applications with Internet of Things
1.5.4.4 Connected and Automated Vehicles and Internet of Things
1.5.5 Conclusion of Section 1.5
References
Book_5160_C002
Chapter 2: Surface Transportation Automation
2.1 Concepts of Vehicles in Compliance with Society of Automobile Engineers Automation Levels
2.1.1 Society of Automobile Engineers Automation Levels
2.1.2 Connected Vehicle
2.1.3 Autonomous Vehicle
2.1.4 Cooperative Vehicles with Automation
2.1.5 Autonomous Shuttle
2.1.5.1 Operation Design Domain
2.1.5.2 Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles/Shuttles
2.1.5.3 Autonomous Shuttle as Micro Transit
2.2 Key Supportive Systems of Connected Vehicles
2.2.1 Safety Systems
2.2.2 Mobility Systems
2.2.3 Environment Systems
2.3 Key Design Elements of Autonomous Vehicles
2.3.1 Perception
2.3.2 Navigation
2.3.3 Localization
2.3.4 Command and Control
2.3.5 Health Monitoring
2.3.6 Behavior Architecture
2.3.7 World Model
2.3.8 Advantages of Lower Levels of Automated Driving
2.3.8.1 Collision Avoidance and Emergency Braking
2.3.8.2 Steering and Lane Keeping
2.3.8.3 Bus Platooning
2.3.8.4 Managed Lanes for Automated Shuttles
2.4  Distributed Ledger Technologies for Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Systems
2.4.1 An Introduction to Distributed Ledger Technology
2.4.2 Use of Distributed Ledger Technology in Transportation
2.5 Application of Transportation Automation Technologies
2.5.1 Connected and Automated Vehicle Applications
2.5.2 Mobility Smart Contracts
2.5.3 Cooperative Driving Automation
2.5.4 Security Considerations
2.6 Driving Automation Definition and Autonomous Vehicle Laws
2.7 Summary
References
Book_5160_C003
Chapter 3: Autonomous Vehicle Testing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Autonomous Vehicle Technology Testing
3.3 Mechanical Testing
3.3.1 Safety Systems
3.3.2 Engine and Drivetrain
3.4 Software and Cyber Security Data Testing
3.4.1 Driving Model
3.4.2 Sensor Interfaces
3.4.3 Cybersecurity
3.4.4 Cyber Data Testing
3.4.5 System of Software Systems Testing
3.5 Combined System Testing
3.6 Complete Vehicle Testing
3.7 System of Systems Testing
3.8 Version Testing
3.9 Simulated versus Real-World Testing
3.10 Analysis Frameworks
3.11 Software Simulation
3.11.1 Design Simulation
3.11.2 Software in the Loop Simulation
3.11.3 Hardware in the Loop Simulation
3.11.4 Driving Simulator
3.11.5 Environment Simulation
3.11.6 Virtual Reality–Based Simulation
3.12 DOT-Approved AV Proving Grounds
3.13 Testing Facilities
3.13.1 MCity (Michigan)
3.13.2 Transportation Research Center (Ohio)
3.13.3 Area X.O (Ottawa, Canada)
3.13.4 GoMentum Station (California)
3.13.5 Automated Driving Systems for Rural America (Iowa)
3.14 Upcoming Testing Facilities
3.14.1 SunTrax (Florida)
3.14.2 Curiosity Lab (Georgia)
3.15 Current Deployments
3.16 Impact of Policies on AV Testing
3.17 Critical AV Testing Issues for Future Deployment
3.18 Summary
References
Book_5160_C004
Chapter 4: Emerging Delivery and Mobility Services
4.1 Automated Delivery and Logistics
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Benefits of Automation of Delivery and Logistics
4.1.3 Automated Delivery and Logistic Applications
4.1.3.1 Last-Mile Transportation
4.1.3.2 Automated Freight Ports
4.1.3.3 Automated Warehouse Management
4.1.3.4 Automated Fleet Management
4.1.3.5 Automated Reverse Logistics
4.1.4 Technology in Automated Delivery and Logistics
4.1.4.1 Technologies Used in Freight Delivery
4.1.4.2 Technology Used in Warehouse Management
4.1.4.3 Future Technologies in Automated Delivery and Logistics
4.1.5 Policy Considerations
4.1.6 Future Research Directions
4.2 Mobility as a Service
4.2.1 Role of Mobility as a Service in the Context of Smart Cities
4.2.2 Implementation Features of Mobility as a Service
4.2.2.1 Core Characteristics of Mobility as a Service
4.2.2.2 Mobility as a Service Integration
4.2.2.3 Key Elements of Mobility as a Service Ecosystem
4.2.3 Review of Mobility as a Service Initiatives around the World
4.2.4 Application of Technologies in Mobility as a Service
4.2.5 Potential Research Areas
4.2.5.1 Research Needs for Understanding Customers
4.2.5.2 Research Needs for Business Models
4.2.5.3 Research Needs for Policy Implications
4.3 Mobility on Demand
4.3.1 Importance of Mobility on Demand Services
4.3.1.1 Mobility Needs
4.3.1.2 Travel Behaviors
4.3.1.3 Existing Transportation Services
4.3.2 Implementation Features of Different Mobility on Demand Business Models for Passenger and Goods Movement
4.3.2.1 Business-to-Consumer
4.3.2.2 Business-to-Government
4.3.2.3 Business to Business
4.3.2.4 Peer-to-Peer Mobility Marketplace
4.3.2.5 Peer-to-Peer Delivery Marketplace
4.3.3 Technologies Enabling Mobility on Demand Services
4.3.4 Contribution of Mobility on Demand in Shared Mobility Ecosystem
4.3.5 Future Research Direction
4.4 Summary
References
Book_5160_C005
Chapter 5: Shared Sustainable Mobility
5.1 Shared Vehicle Services
5.1.1 Background
5.1.2 Shared Vehicle Services and Transformed Mobility Patterns
5.1.2.1 Ride-Sharing Service Models
5.1.2.2 Ride-Sharing Policy Considerations
5.1.2.3 Carsharing Service Models
5.1.2.4 Carsharing Policy Considerations
5.1.2.5 Parking Regulations
5.1.2.6 Insurance and Taxes
5.1.2.7 Other Shared Vehicle Services
5.1.3 Use of Technology in Shared Vehicle Services
5.1.4 Future Research Directions
5.2 Shared Bicycle Service
5.2.1 What is Shared Bicycle Service?
5.2.2 How is Shared Bicycle Service Operated?
5.2.2.1 First Generation
5.2.2.2 Second Generation
5.2.2.3 Third Generation
5.2.2.4 Fourth Generation
5.2.3 Engineering Issues
5.2.4 Urban Planning Issues
5.2.4.1 Stakeholders in Planning Shared Bicycle Service
5.2.4.2 Planning Shared Bicycle Service within an Auto-Oriented Urban Structure
5.3 First Mile/Last Mile Solutions
5.3.1 Common Transportation Means Used for Connecting First Mile/Last Mile
5.3.2 First Mile/Last Mile Strategies
5.3.2.1 Land-Use Planning
5.3.2.2 Integration between Public Transit and Other Feeder Modes
5.3.2.3 Innovative Motilities as Potential First Mile/Last Mile Connectors
5.3.3 Technologies Powering First Mile/Last Mile Connection
5.4 Summary
References
Book_5160_C006
Chapter 6: Cooperative and Automated Traffic Control
6.1 Traffic Signal Control Methods in Connected and Automated Vehicle Environment
6.2 Self-Organized Intelligent Adaptive Traffic Control
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 System Elements
6.2.3 Optimizing Traffic Signals
6.2.4 Self-Adaptive Signal Controls
6.2.4.1 AALONS-D
6.2.4.2 Genetic Algorithms
6.2.4.3 Video Imaging
6.2.4.4 Sustainable Controls
6.2.5 Signal-Free Autonomous Intersection Control
6.2.5.1 Centralized Intersection Traffic Control
6.2.5.2 Decentralized Traffic Control
6.2.5.3 Intelligent Roundabout
6.2.6 Cooperative Coordinated Adaptive Corridor Signal Timing Optimization
6.2.6.1 Modeling Traffic Flow Parameters Using Aggregate Connected Vehicle Mobility Datasets
6.2.6.2 Identification of Deceleration and Acceleration Points within a Queue
6.2.6.3 Deceleration Points Rearranged in Descending Order
6.2.6.4 Optimization Model Formulation
6.2.6.5 Dynamic Programming Procedure for Offset Optimization
6.3 Safe Interactions of Pedestrians/Cyclists with Automated Vehicles
6.3.1 Background
6.3.2 General Considerations of Transition Effect
6.3.3 Pedestrian and Cyclist Reactions to Automated Vehicles
6.3.4 Communication in Interactions between Roader Users and Automated Vehicles
6.3.5 Automated Vehicle Communication with Pedestrians
6.4 Eco-Driving and Traffic Control
6.4.1 Eco-Signal Control
6.4.2 Eco-Driving Control with Connected and Automated Vehicle Technologies
6.4.2.1 Eco-Driving Control Using Uncertain Signal Timing
6.4.2.2 Eco-Driving Using V2X-Driven Signal Control
6.4.3 Engine Restart Method
6.5 Integrated Ramp and Corridor Control
6.5.1 Overview of Advanced Ramp Metering Technologies
6.5.2 Conceptual Methodology for Integrated Ramp and Corridor Control
6.5.2.1 First Priority Objective
6.5.2.2 Second Priority Objective
6.5.2.3 Third Objective
6.6 Summary
References
Book_5160_C007
Chapter 7: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Vertical Takeoff and Landing Technologies
7.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Unmanned Aircraft History and Scope
7.1.3 Multirotor Design and Technologies
7.2 Urban Air Mobility
7.2.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Traffic Management
7.2.2 Federal Aviation Administration Regulations for Small UAVs
7.2.3 Unmanned Aerial System Path Planning
7.2.4 Detect-and-Avoid Systems
7.2.5 Conclusions of Sections 7.1 and 7.2
7.3 Overview of Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aviation
7.3.1 Overview of Current Vertical Takeoff and Landing Technology
7.3.2 Need for Automated Flight Systems
7.3.2.1 Safety
7.3.2.2 Airframe Design
7.3.2.3 Integration
7.3.2.4 Struggles with Propulsion
7.3.2.5 Propellers
7.3.2.6 Electronics
7.3.2.7 Design of Battery Pack
7.4 Summary
References
Book_5160_Index