Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience: Climate Change and Disaster Risk Adaptation

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Social-Hydrological Systems and Climate Change Adaptation
Chapter 1: Linkage Between Social and Hydrological Systems to Support Resilience: A Case of Freshwater Wetland in Bangladesh
1 Introduction
2 Socio-hydrological System of Bangladesh
3 Materials and Method
4 Linkage Between Social and Hydrological System of Chalan Beel
5 Temperature and Rainfall Fluctuation
6 River Discharge and Runoff in Ganges and Brahmaputra River
7 Wetland Cultivation and Groundwater Depletion
8 Reduction of Perennial Waterbody of Chalan Beel
9 Flooding in Chalan Beel
10 Resilience of Chalan Beel Community to Hydrological and Anthropogenic Hazards
10.1 Indigenous System of Flood Forecasting
10.2 Normal Flooding
10.3 Regulating Flood
10.4 Integrated Approach for Protecting Ecosystem Services
10.5 Digging Boropits and Ponds at the Bottom of the Wetland
11 Human Subsystem with Social Resilience: The Role of Chalan Beel in Building Resilience Against Hydrological Hazards
11.1 Access to Physical Assets
11.2 Floating Agriculture: An Integrated Adaptation Practice Against Flood
11.3 Floating School: A Means of Adaptation for Building Resilience Against Flood
11.4 Accessing Wetlands Ecosystem Services: A Means of Economic Resilience
11.5 Provisioning Services from the Wetland
11.6 Duck Farming
11.7 Changing Occupation to Diversify the Means of Livelihood
11.8 Subsistence Activities Based on Wetland Ecosystem Services
11.9 Controlling Drought and Recharging Groundwater
11.10 Institutional Support
12 Socio-hydrological System with Socio-hydrological Resilience in a Coupled System
12.1 Open Access to Wetlands
12.2 Access to Khas Land (Government-Owned Fallow Land)
13 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Indigenous Approaches to Disaster Risk Reduction, Community Sustainability, and Climate Change Resilience
1 Introduction
2 Social Capital, Connectedness, and Climate Change in Lau, Fiji
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Design
2.3 The International Policy Context and Local Effects
2.4 Sustainability and Mitigation
2.5 Research Outcome
3 He Arotakenga Manawaroa: A Māori Framework for Assessing Resilience
3.1 Māori and Disaster Risk Reduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Outcomes
4 Te Urunga O Kea: A Māori Tribal Self-Determining Response to Climate Change Adaptation Planning
4.1 Research Context
4.2 Research Design
4.3 Research Progress
4.4 Research Outcomes
5 Whakaoranga Marae: Fostering Asset Resilience
5.1 Māori Marae and the National Disaster Response Infrastructure
5.2 Research Design
5.3 Research Outcomes
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: The Adaptation to Climate Change in Primary Education and Approach from the Social Sciences Textbooks
1 Introduction
2 Sources and Methodology
3 Results
4 Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Building Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Knowledge in the Arctic Through Preparedness and Contingency Practices
1 Introduction
2 Management Strategies for Reduction of Daily Or Chronic Risk Factors
3 Building Risk Knowledge
4 Preparedness and Contingency Practices
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Ecological Resilience for Transformative Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
1 Introduction
2 Resilience and Social-Ecological Systems (SES)
2.1 Ecological Resilience Compared to Engineering Resilience
2.2 Psychological Resilience and Social Resilience
2.3 Transformation of SES Through Coevolutionary Adaptation
3 Sidestepping Natural Catastrophes to Avoid Socially Constructed Disasters
4 Framework for Resilience and DRR
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Mitigating Disaster Risks and Vulnerabilities Through Climate Finance and Sustainable Water Management: Policy Considerations for Sub-Saharan Africa and Malawi
1 Introduction
2 Methodology and Conceptual Framework
3 Climate Change and Water Management: The SSA and Malawi Dynamics
4 Towards Hydrological Resilience and Sustainable Water Management in SSA
4.1 Climate Change and Water Sector Maladaptations: Physical Factors
4.2 Climate Change and Water Sector Maladaptations: Institutional Factors
4.3 Climate Change and Water Sector Maladaptations: The Solutions
5 Reducing Economic Vulnerabilities and Hydrological Stress: The Role of Non-farm Enterprises
6 Discussion
7 Conclusions
References
Part II: Extreme Hydro-Meteorological Events: Flood, Drought, Precipitation and Temperature
Chapter 7: Assessing Risks and Resilience to Hydro-Meteorological Disasters
1 Introduction
1.1 Disaster Management Framework
1.2 Disaster Risk Assessment
1.3 Hydrological Droughts
1.4 Probability Distribution of Drought Events
2 Study Area
2.1 Data Collection and Analysis
2.1.1 River Flow and Crop Yield Data
2.1.2 Bean Crop Water Requirements
2.1.3 Threshold River Flow
2.1.4 Irrigation Water Supply and Seepage Losses
2.1.5 Estimation of River Flow Drought Event Statistics
3 Results
3.1 River Flow Droughts at Nyanyadzi Irrigation Scheme
3.2 Coping with Hydrological Droughts
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Flood Resilient Plan for Urban Area: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Ahmedabad City
2.2 Sabarmati River
3 Methodology
4 Proposed Plan for Flood-Resilient Urban City
4.1 Non-structural Mitigation Plan
4.1.1 Flood Modelling and Flood Inundation Mapping
4.1.2 Flood Warning and Forecasting System
4.1.3 Flood Awareness
4.2 Structural Mitigation Plan
4.2.1 Dam, Reservoir/Hydraulic Structure Construction and Operation (Dharoi Dam)
4.2.2 Flood Walls
4.2.3 River Training Works
4.2.4 Ground Water Recharge Well
4.2.5 Stormwater Management
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Flood and Drought Risk Assessment, Climate Change, and Resilience
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Probabilistic Risk Assessment
2.1.1 Loss Exceedance Curve
2.1.2 Risk Metrics
2.1.3 Retrospective Versus Prospective Risk Assessment
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Probabilistic Flood Risk Assessment, Climate Change, and Resilience: The Case of La Mojana, Colombia
3.1.1 Flood Risk Assessment in La Mojana
3.1.2 Assessment of Interventions of the Flood Control Infrastructure
3.1.3 Assessment of Multiple Alternatives to Building Resilience and Adapt to a Changing Future in Amphibious Territories
3.2 Probabilistic Drought Risk Assessment, Climate Change, and Resilience: Results from the Agriculture Sector in Uruguay
3.2.1 Probabilistic Hazard Assessment and Integrated Hazard Maps
3.2.2 Assessment Impacts of Drought, Considering Current Conditions and Climate Change, in Crop and Livestock Production
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Flood Risk Predictions in African Urban Settlements: A Review of Alexandra Township, South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Bio-physical Characteristics of Alexandra Township
3 Explaining the Concept of Risk
4 How Climate Change Relates to Flood Risk
5 Urban Flooding Dynamics
6 Flood Vulnerability in Alexandra Township
7 Coping Strategies in Place
8 Resilience and Flood Management Approaches
9 Models for Predicting Flood Risk
10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Anthropological Study of a Typical Drought-Prone Village in India: Strategies for Sustainable Rural Habitat
1 Introduction
1.1 Sustainable Framework to Assess Rural Vulnerability Against Drought
1.2 Comparison of Prior Studies and the Current Study for the Relevance of the Research
1.3 Aim of the Study
2 Methodology of the Study
2.1 Study Area
2.1.1 Location and Size
2.1.2 Physiography
2.1.3 Climate
2.1.4 Water Levels and Scarcity
2.1.5 Forest Resource
2.1.6 Economic Status
3 Results and Discussion
4 Framework Policy for Sustainable Rural Habitat and Conclusion
4.1 Theoretical Underpinning
4.2 Sustainable Framework Policy for Drought-Prone Rural Habitat
4.2.1 Wasteland Reclamation
4.2.2 Soil Conservation
4.2.3 Water Conservation
4.2.4 Afforestation in Degraded Forest Land
4.2.5 Preservation and Plantation of Indigenous Plants of Wasteland
4.2.6 Principles of Permaculture
4.2.7 Social Forestry
4.2.8 Sustainable Strategies
4.2.9 Livelihood Strategies
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Risk Management of Extreme Precipitation in Mexico: Building Resilience
1 Introduction
2 Governance to Abrupt Climate Change Effects
3 Coastal Zones of Mexico: A Vulnerability Index
4 Rainfall Variation in Coastal Areas of Mexico
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Increasing Temperature Risk and Community Resilience: Urban Aspects
1 Introduction
2 Frameworks of Resilience
2.1 Urban Density and Unbalanced Energy Budget
2.2 Urban Tropical Climate Resilience
3 Human Biometeorology in the Tropical Climate
3.1 Jakarta PET Index in the Peak Temperature
3.2 Bandung PET Index in the Peak Temperature
3.3 Medan PET Index in the Peak Temperature
3.4 Padang PET Index in the Peak Temperature
3.5 Pontianak PET Index in the Peak Temperature
3.6 Banjarmasin PET Index in the Peak Temperature
3.7 Makassar PET Index in the Peak Temperature
3.8 Denpasar PET Index in the Peak Temperature
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part III: Climate Changes, Agro-Forestry Resilience and Water-Food Security
Chapter 14: Climate Change Adaptation in Megacities : A Critical Review on the Brazilian Political Context
1 What Does Climate Change Adaptation Mean?
2 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Building
3 Climate Change Adaptation in Megacities
4 Adaptation Policies in Brazil: The Case of São Paulo
5 Impasses to Climate Change Adaptation: Far-right Populism and its Anti-Environmental Agenda
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Climate Change, Food Security, and Resilience: Hydrologic Excess and Deficit Measurement
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Probabilistic Assessment of Meteorological Hazards: Floods and Droughts
2.1.1 Stochastic Generation of Rainfall Events
2.1.2 Heavy Rainfall and Flood Events
2.1.3 Water Deficit and Drought Events
2.1.4 Effects of Climate Change on Hazards
2.2 Crop and Livestock Exposure and Vulnerability
2.2.1 Exposed Elements Database for the Agriculture Sector
2.2.2 Crops’ Response to Water
2.3 Probabilistic Risk Assessment
2.3.1 Effects of Climate Change on Risk
2.3.2 Flood and Drought Risk Assessment Limitations
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Droughts Risk Assessment in Central America: Impacts on Food Production
3.1.1 Dry Corridor in Central America
3.1.2 Drought Risk Assessment for the Agriculture Sector in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Climate Change and Agroforestry Resilience Strategy in West Africa’s Cocoa Supply Chain Dynamics
1 Introduction
2 Objectives and Methodology
3 Agroforestry: A Conceptual Framework
4 An Overview of Forest Endowment in West Africa
5 Deforestation and Socio-Ecological Consequences in West Africa
6 Promoting Resilience to Mitigate Deforestation
7 Climate Risk and Vulnerability in West Africa
8 The Impact of Climate Change on Forest Resources in West Africa
9 Cocoa Production in West Africa: Recent Trends and Developments
10 An Overview of Cocoa Production in Cameroon
11 An Overview of Cocoa Production in Cote d’Ivoire
12 An Overview of Cocoa Production in Ghana
13 An Overview of Cocoa Production Trends in Nigeria
14 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 17: Spatial-Temporal Changes of Water Resources: Associated Impact as a Natural Hazard
1 Introduction
1.1 Trend of Changes in Quantitative-Qualitative Variables of Water Resources
1.2 Spatiotemporal Changes of Quantitative-Qualitative Variables of Water Resources
1.3 Changes in Water Resource Quality Variables with Quality Indicators
1.4 Hazards Due to Quantitative and Qualitative Changes in Water Resources
2 Methodology
2.1 Mann-Kendall Test
2.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test
2.3 Investigating the Quality of Water Resources for Agricultural Purposes
2.3.1 Permeability Index (PI)
2.3.2 Percentage of Sodium
2.3.3 Water Classification Based on Wilcox
2.3.4 Water Permeability to Soil According to EC and SAR
2.4 Classification in Terms of Industrial Use
2.5 Zoning Methods
2.5.1 Kriging
2.5.2 Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Method
2.5.3 Global Polynomial Interpolation (GPI)
2.5.4 Local Polynomial Interpolation (LPI)
2.5.5 Radial Basis Function (RBF)
2.6 Accuracy Assessment
2.7 Groundwater Quality Index (GQI)
2.7.1 Primary Map (I)
2.7.2 Primary Map (II)
2.7.3 Ranking Map
2.7.4 GQI Calculation
2.8 Chemical Elements
2.8.1 Acidity (pH)
2.8.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
2.8.3 Bicarbonate (HCO3)
2.8.4 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
2.8.5 Total Hardness (TH)
2.8.6 Cations or Anions
3 Case Study
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Vulnerability of Climate Change on Water and Sanitation Sectors and Coping Mechanisms by the Communities of Economically Poor Hard-to-Reach Areas of Bangladesh
1 Introduction
2 Geophysical and Water and Sanitation Context of the Hard-to-Reach Areas
3 Methodology
4 The Geographical Location of the Study Areas
5 Situation of Water and Sanitation Technologies
6 Impact of Climate Change on Water and Sanitation Opportunities
7 Water and Sanitation Perspectives Regarding Climate Resilience Health Policy
8 Modification of Water and Sanitation Technologies in Respose to Climate Change
9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Climate Governance, Resilience and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: An Empirical Review
1 Introduction
1.1 Climate Governance and Entrepreneurship
1.2 Climate Resilience in Nigeria
2 The Nexus Between Entrepreneurship and Global Climate Governance
3 Challenges of Existing Climate Governance Structure
4 Climate Governance and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria
5 Conclusions
References
Index