Disaster Management and Information Technology: Professional Response and Recovery Management in the Age of Disasters

Foreword
Foreword
Crisis Information Management Systems from the Perspective of Academic Research
Introduction to the PAIT Volume on Disaster Management and Information Technology
References
Contents
Part I CIMS in Emergency Management Practice
Emergency Management's Journey with Technology
Emergencies, Disasters, and Catastrophes
History of Emergency Management
The Civil Defense Era
The Beginnings of Emergency Management
The Technology Odyssey of Emergency Management
Mobile Technologies
The Advent of the Internet
Alert and Warning
National Warning System (NAWAS)
Emergency Alert System (EAS)
Telephone Notification Systems
Wireless Notification Systems
IPAWS and WEA
The Human Part of Warning
Social Media
Blogs and Podcasts
Video Teleconferencing
Information Management Systems
Cybersecurity
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Systems
Rapid Damage Assessment
Professionalization of the Workforce
Technology Adverse
Adopting New Technologies Can Be Risky Business
Data: The Final Frontier
Seeking Technological Solutions That Work
Conclusions
Deploying Modern Technology for Disaster Management Practitioners
Introduction
Common Mistakes in Implementing and Managing Modern Technology
Establishing and Executing a Technology Governance Framework
Evaluating and Choosing Technology
Developing a Data Plan
Managing Technology Deployment
Developing Standard Operating Procedures
Implementing a Training and Exercise Regiment
Monitoring and Measuring Performance
Conclusion
Technology and Information Management Supporting Resilience in Healthcare and Rescue Systems
Introduction
Resilience, Technology, and Information Management in a Healthcare and Rescue System
Deploying Digital Technology and Innovations in Practice in a Crisis
Support and Benefits of IT When Operating During a Crisis: Empirical Insights from Finland
Conclusions
References
Part II CIMS Functionalities and Features
A System for Collaboration and Information Sharing in Disaster Management
Introduction
System Architecture
Access Control
Catalogue Design
Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Decade of Netcentric Crisis Management: Challenges and Future Development
Introduction
The Concept of Netcentric Operations
Development and Implementation of Netcentric Information Management
Experimental Development (2007–2009)
Implementation (2010–2012)
Netcentric Operations in Use (2013–Current)
Research Approach
Five Key Challenges
Maintaining an Adequate Information Position
Reluctance to Share Information
Moving from Information Exchange Toward Collaborative Decision-Making
Fostering Goal-Directed Collaboration in Larger Response Networks
Sustaining Collaboration in Protracted Crises and Risk Management
Future Developments for Research and Practice
Increasing Connectivity of Netcentric Operations
Developing an Alternative for Self-Synchronization
Balancing Information Transparency with Information Superiority
Conclusion
References
Common Operational Picture and Interconnected Tools for Disaster Response: The FASTER Toolkit
Introduction
Related Work
Situational Awareness for Emergency Response
Heterogeneous Tools in Emergency Response Service
Architecture
Communications
Overall System Architecture
Tools
The FASTER Common Operational Picture
Situational Awareness AR App
UAV Gesture-Control and Extended Vision App
UAV Mapping and AI Scene Analysis
UAV Supply Delivery
Smart Textile Framework
MORSE
Animal Wearable
Mission Management and Chatbot
Operational Use Case Scenario
Field Trials
Conclusion
References
Intelligent Building Evacuation: From Modeling Systems to Behaviors
Introduction
Related Work
An Intelligent Infrastructure for Evacuation
A Flow Model for Quick Evacuation
Human Behavior Modeling in Evacuation
Application
Algorithm Simulations
Software Architecture Simulations
Human Behavior Simulations
Lessons Learned
Conclusion
References
Challenges of Integrating Advanced Information Technologies with 5G in Disaster Risk Management
Introduction
Current State of ICT Usability for Disaster Management
Social Media
Internet of Things
Big Data
Cloud Computing
The 5G Technology
Artificial Intelligence
Virtual Reality
Integrating Social Media, IoT, Big Data, Cloud Computing, AI, and VR
Internet and Special Deliveries by Drones
Social Collaboration
Mobile Computing
Big Data
Cloud Computing
Artificial Intelligence
Virtual Reality
Conclusion
References
Part III CIMS Requirements, Development, and Testing
An Integrated Framework to Evaluate Information Systems Performance in High-Risk Settings: Experiences from the iTRACK Project
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Framework Description
Software Testing and Quality
Software Usability
The iTRACK System Usefulness
System Implementation
System Overview
System's Graphical User Interface
Summary and Discussion
References
Rural First Responders and Communication Technology: A Mixed Methods Approach to Assessing Their Challenges and Needs
Introduction
Rural Environments and Incident Response
Rural Barriers to Technology
Opportunities to Address Barriers
Relevant Research on Rural First Responders
Gaps in Past Studies
The “Voices of First Responders” Research
Method
Phase 1: Interviews
Phase 1: Participant Characteristics
Phase 1: Qualitative Analysis
Phase 2: Survey
Phase 2: Participant Characteristics
Phase 2: Data Analysis
Results
Technology Problems
Technology Problems Across Disciplines
Technology Problems Specific to Each Discipline
Technology Needs
Improving Current Technology
Location Information
Real-Time Information
Discussion
Better Coverage and Connectivity
Durable and Reliable Devices
Improved Interoperability Both for Communicating Across Agencies, Across Devices, and Across Platforms
Affordable Devices That Are Easy to Fix and Inexpensive to Train on
Conclusion
References
Designing Well-Accepted IT Solutions for Emergency Response: Methods and Approaches
Problem Statement and Intended Audience
Fundamental Considerations on Emergency Response Systems
High-Level Approaches and Paradigms
User-Centered Design
Participatory Design
Methods for Design and Development
Methods for Analyzing the Context of Use
Analytic Methods
Ethnographic Methods
Participatory Design Methods
Methods for Specifying Requirements
Methods for Prototyping
Methods for Evaluation
Idiosyncrasies, Challenges, and Pitfalls of Designing IT Systems for Emergency Response
Conflicting Interaction Paradigms
Mismatched Understandings of the System Boundary
Usability Testing Hurdles
Human-Computer Interaction Versus Machine-Mediated Human-Human Interaction
Conclusion
References
Mobile Device-to-Device Communication for Crisis Scenarios Using Low-Cost LoRa Modems
Introduction
Related Work
Design
Enabling LoRa on Smartphones
Modem Firmware
Incentivizing LoRa Usage
A Device-to-Device Messaging Application
Disruption-Tolerant Networking
Implementation
Modem Firmware
A Device-to-Device Messaging Application
Disruption-Tolerant Networking
Experimental Evaluation
LoRa in Device-to-Device Scenarios
Device-to-Device Smartphone Communication
Experimental Setup
Results
Interfacing Emergency Networks
Energy Considerations
Scalability
Experimental Setup
Applicability and Limitations
Building LoRa Communities
Conclusion
References
Digitalized Cross-Sector Collaboration for an Effective Emergency Response: Emerging Forms of Network Governance
Introduction
Study Aim and Objectives
Background
Emerging Trends in Public Sector Cross-Sector Collaboration
Cross-Sector Collaboration as Network Governance
Methods and Material
Methodological Approach: Case Study Research
Interviews and Focus Groups
Scenario-Based Future Workshops
Experiment and After-Action Review
Data Analysis
Results and Analysis
Theme: Responsibility, Availability, and Attitude
Theme: Organizational Aspects: Laws, Regulations, and Work Environment
Theme: Training and Emergency Supply
Theme: Information Technology and Communication
Network Governance Analysis Summary
Discussion
Emerging Emergency Response Cross-Sector Collaborations and New Research Needs
Cross-Sector Collaboration as Network Governance: Capturing the Institutional Perspectives But Missing Out on Digitalization and ICT
ICT as an Enabler of Emergency Response Cross-Sector Collaborations
Network Governance, Cross-Sector Collaboration, and Information Systems: Implications for Research and Practice
Study Transferability and Limitations
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Defining Common Information Requirements for Supporting Multiagency Emergency Operations
Introduction
Related Research
Situational Awareness and Common Operational Picture
Current Information Sharing Practice
Research Method
Data Collection on Information Requirements
Data Collection on Information Sharing Structure
Results and Discussion
Common Information Requirements
The Window Report Structure for Information Sharing
Conclusion
References
Part IV CIMS Assessment, Evaluation, and Data Management
A Commercial Cloud-Based Crisis Information Management System: How Fit and Robust Is It in Response to a Catastrophe?
Introduction
Related Work
Context of WebEOC's Emergence as a De-Facto US Standard
Academic Literature on the Uses and Effectiveness of WebEOC
Research Questions
Methodology
Theoretical Lens
Instrument and Coding Scheme
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis and Coding
Research Team and Processes
Follow-Up Investigation
Findings
Ad Research Question #1 (RQ#1)
Challenges Regarding WebEOC Uses During CR16
Challenges Regarding WebEOC Functionality During CR16
Challenges Regarding WebEOC Effectiveness During CR16
Ad Research Question #2 (RQ#2)
Technical Foundations Used for WebEOC
Hierarchy Design
Limitations with the Current System Architecture
Data Analysis Based on WebEOC-Based Information
Data Integrity and Quality
Data Storage and Accessibility to Stakeholders
Data Usability and Automations/Workflows
Metrics, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), and Data Visualization
Discussion
Technical Considerations for WebEOC Implementations
Nontechnical Considerations Regarding the Use of WebEOC for All Incident Categories
Conclusion and Future Research
References
Practitioners' Perceptions of Fitness to Task of a Leading Disaster Response Management Tool
Introduction
Related Work
Research Questions and Methodology
Research Questions
Data Selection and Analysis
Findings
Discussion, Future Research, and Concluding Remarks
General Observations
The Need for a Widely Accepted, Resilient, and Scalable CIMS
Limitations of the Study
Concluding Remarks and Future Research
References
From Digital Public Warning Systems to Emergency Warning Ecosystems
Introduction
Digital Emergency Warning Process
Activation (Step 1)
Representation (Step 2)
Dispatch (Step 3)
Counteraction (Step 4)
Next-Generation Public Warning Systems
Conclusions
References
The Role of Ontologies and Linked Open Data in Support of Disaster Management
Introduction
Disaster Management and Related Terms
Decision Support Systems and Disaster Management
Literature Survey
Ontologies for Disaster Management
Linked Open Data in Disaster Management
Conclusion
References
Toward a Taxonomy for Classifying Crisis Information Management Systems
Introduction
Antecedents
Research Methodology
Development of the Tax-CIM Taxonomy
Beginning of the Process
Iteration 1 (I1)
Iteration 2 (I2)
Limitations of the Work
Conclusions and Further Work
Appendix A Tax-CIM Version 1
Appendix B Tax-CIM Version 2
References
Bibliography
Index