The only single, comprehensive textbook on all aspects of digital television The next few years will see a major revolution in the technology used to deliver television services as the world moves from analog to digital television. Presently, all existing textbooks dealing with analog television standards (NTSC and PAL) are becoming obsolete as the prevalence of digital technology continues to become more widespread. Now, Digital Television: Technology and Standards fills the need for a single, authoritative textbook that covers all aspects of digital television technology. Divided into three main sections, Digital Television explores: * Video: MPEG-2, which is at the heart of all digital video broadcasting services * Audio: MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding and Dolby AC-3, which will be used internationally in digital video broadcasting systems * Systems: MPEG, modulation transmission, forward error correction, datacasting, conditional access, and digital storage media command and control Complete with tables, illustrations, and figures, this valuable textbook includes problems and laboratories at the end of each chapter and also offers a number of exercises that allow students to implement the various techniques discussed using MATLAB. The authors' coverage of implementation and theory makes this a practical reference for professionals, as well as an indispensable textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduate-level students in electrical engineering and computer science programs.
Author(s): John F. Arnold, Michael R. Frater, Mark R. Pickering
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 644
Digital Television......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 18
1.2 Analog Television......Page 20
1.2.1 Video......Page 21
1.2.3 Systems......Page 28
1.3 The Motivation for Digital Television......Page 30
1.4 The Need for Compression......Page 31
1.5 Standards for Digital Television......Page 33
References......Page 34
2.1 Picture Correlation......Page 36
2.2 Information Content......Page 41
2.3 The Human Visual System......Page 45
2.3.1 Perception of Changes in Brightness......Page 46
2.3.4 Frequency Sensitivity......Page 47
2.3.6 Conclusion......Page 48
Problems......Page 49
MATLAB Exercise 2.1: Correlation Coefficient within a Picture......Page 51
MATLAB Exercise 2.3: Entropy of a Picture......Page 52
3.1.1 Huffman Coding......Page 54
3.2 Predictive Coding......Page 60
3.3 Motion-Compensated Prediction......Page 69
3.3.1 Motion Estimation......Page 70
3.3.2 Motion-Compensated Prediction to Subpixel Accuracy......Page 85
3.4 Quantization......Page 87
3.5 Rate-Distortion Curves......Page 92
3.6 Summary......Page 93
Problems......Page 94
MATLAB Exercise 3.1: Huffman Coding......Page 99
MATLAB Exercise 3.2: Differential Pulse Code Modulation......Page 100
MATLAB Exercise 3.3: Temporal Prediction and Motion Estimation......Page 101
MATLAB Exercise 3.4: Fast Search Motion Estimation......Page 103
4.1 Introduction to Transform Coding......Page 106
4.2 The Fourier Transform......Page 108
4.3 The Karhunen–Loeve Transform......Page 111
4.4 The Discrete Cosine Transform......Page 119
4.4.1 Choice of Transform Block Size......Page 124
4.4.2 Quantization of DCT Transform Coefficients......Page 126
4.4.3 Quantization of DCT Coefficients Based on the Human Visual System......Page 129
4.4.4 Coding of Nonzero DCT Coefficients......Page 132
4.5 Motion-Compensated DCT Encoders and Decoders......Page 133
4.6 Rate Control......Page 135
Problems......Page 141
MATLAB Exercise 4.1: Eigenvectors of a Picture......Page 145
MATLAB Exercise 4.2: Discrete Cosine Transform......Page 146
MATLAB Exercise 4.3: Discrete Cosine Transform with Motion Compensation......Page 147
5.2 Representation of Chrominance Information......Page 148
5.3.1 The Block Layer......Page 151
5.3.2 The Macroblock Layer......Page 153
5.3.3 The Slice Layer......Page 167
5.4 Bit-Stream Syntax......Page 170
5.4.3 Describing the Bit-Stream Syntex......Page 171
5.4.4 Special Functions within the Syntax......Page 173
5.5.1 The Video Sequence Layer......Page 174
5.5.2 The Picture Layer......Page 176
5.5.3 The Slice Layer......Page 177
5.5.4 The Macroblock Layer......Page 178
5.5.5 The Block Layer......Page 180
Problems......Page 181
MATLAB Exercise 5.2: A Simple Video Encoder......Page 186
MATLAB Exercise 5.4: A Video Encoder......Page 187
MATLAB Exercise 5.6: Intra/Inter/Motion-Compensated Coding of Macroblocks......Page 188
6.1 Introduction......Page 190
6.2 Picture Types in MPEG-2......Page 192
6.3 The Syntax of MPEG-2......Page 198
6.3.1 Extension Start Code and Extension Data......Page 199
6.3.2 Sequence Layer......Page 200
6.3.3 The Group of Pictures Layer......Page 206
6.3.4 The Picture Layer......Page 207
6.3.5 The Slice Layer......Page 217
6.3.6 The Macroblock Layer......Page 219
6.3.7 The Block Layer......Page 240
6.4 Video Buffer Verifier......Page 242
6.5.1 Profiles......Page 246
Problems......Page 248
MATLAB Exercise 6.2: Dual-Prime Motion-Compensated Prediction......Page 252
MATLAB Exercise 6.3: Field and Frame Motion-Compensated Prediction......Page 253
MATLAB Exercise 6.4: Field and Frame DCT Coding......Page 254
7. Perceptual Audio Coding......Page 256
7.1 The Human Auditory System......Page 257
7.1.2 Middle Ear......Page 258
7.1.3 Inner Ear......Page 259
7.2.2 Auditory Thresholds......Page 263
7.2.3 The Critical Bandwidth and Auditory Filters......Page 265
7.2.4 Auditory Masking......Page 267
Problems......Page 270
References......Page 271
8.1 The Sampling Theorem......Page 272
8.2 Digital Filters......Page 274
8.3.1 The Analysis Filter Bank......Page 275
8.3.2 The Synthesis Filter Bank......Page 277
8.3.3 Filters for Perfect Reconstruction......Page 278
8.4 Cosine-Modulated Filters......Page 279
8.5.1 Analysis Filter......Page 284
8.5.2 Synthesis Filter......Page 289
8.6 Time-Domain Aliasing Cancellation......Page 293
Problems......Page 299
MATLAB Exercise 8.1......Page 301
MATLAB Exercise 8.2......Page 302
References......Page 303
9. MPEG Audio......Page 304
9.1 MPEG-1 Layer I,II Encoders......Page 306
9.1.2 Scalefactor Calculation......Page 307
9.1.3 Psychoacoustic Model 1......Page 310
9.1.4 Dynamic Bit Allocation......Page 326
9.1.5 Coding of Bit Allocation......Page 329
9.1.6 Quantization and Coding of Subband Samples......Page 330
9.1.7 Formatting......Page 331
9.2 Layer II Encoder......Page 333
9.2.3 Coding of Scalefactors......Page 334
9.2.4 Dynamic Bit Allocation......Page 336
9.2.6 Quantization and Coding of Subband Samples......Page 338
9.2.8 Formatting......Page 340
9.3 Joint Stereo Coding......Page 341
9.4.2 Audio Frame......Page 342
9.4.3 Header......Page 343
9.5.1 Bit Allocation Decoding......Page 347
9.5.3 Scalefactor Decoding......Page 350
9.5.4 Requantization of Subband Samples......Page 351
9.6.1 Backwards-Compatible MPEG-2 Frame Formatting......Page 352
9.7 Summary......Page 354
Problems......Page 355
MATLAB Exercise 9.1......Page 357
MATLAB Exercise 9.2......Page 358
References......Page 359
10. Dolby AC-3 Audio......Page 360
10.1 Encoder......Page 362
10.1.1 Audio Input Format......Page 363
10.1.2 Transient Detection......Page 364
10.1.3 Forward Transform......Page 365
10.1.4 Channel Coupling......Page 368
10.1.5 Rematrixing......Page 375
10.1.6 Extract Exponents......Page 378
10.1.7 Encode Exponents......Page 382
10.1.8 Bit Allocation......Page 383
10.1.9 Quantize Mantissas......Page 400
10.1.10 Dialog Normalization......Page 405
10.1.11 Dynamic Range Compression......Page 406
10.1.12 Heavy Compression......Page 408
10.1.13 Downmixing......Page 409
10.2.1 Syntax Specification......Page 416
10.3.1 Decode Exponents......Page 429
10.3.2 Bit Allocation......Page 431
10.3.3 Decode Coefficients......Page 432
10.3.5 Inverse Transform......Page 433
Problems......Page 434
MATLAB Exercise 10.2......Page 438
References......Page 439
11.1 Introduction......Page 440
11.2 Service Overview......Page 441
11.3.1 PES Sublayer......Page 444
11.3.2 Transport Stream Sublayer......Page 447
11.4 Timing......Page 453
11.4.2 Clock References and Reconstruction of the STC......Page 454
11.5 Buffer Management......Page 456
11.6.1 MPEG-2 Descriptors......Page 458
11.6.2 MPEG-2 Tables......Page 472
11.6.3 Overheads Due to PSI......Page 477
11.7.3 Program Reassembly......Page 478
11.8.1 Use of MPEG-2 Systems in ATSC......Page 482
11.8.2 Use of MPEG-2 Systems in DVB......Page 483
Problems......Page 484
References......Page 488
12.2 Why SI and PSIP?......Page 490
12.3 DVB-SI......Page 491
12.3.1 DVB Common Data Formats......Page 493
12.3.2 DVB Descriptors......Page 495
12.3.3 DVB Tables......Page 511
12.3.4 DVB Delivery Issues......Page 519
12.4 ATSC Program and System Information Protocol......Page 520
12.4.1 Common Data Formats......Page 521
12.4.2 ATSC Descriptors......Page 523
12.4.3 ATSC Tables......Page 527
12.5 DVB SI and ATSC PSIP Interoperability......Page 535
Problems......Page 536
MATLAB Exercise 12.1......Page 542
References......Page 543
13.2 Generic Concepts......Page 544
13.2.1 Channel Characteristics and Intersymbol Interference......Page 545
13.2.2 Modulation......Page 547
13.2.3 Equalization......Page 551
13.2.4 Randomization......Page 554
13.2.5 Channel Coding Technology......Page 556
13.3.1 ATSC 8-VSB Modulation......Page 564
13.3.2 ATSC Data Framing......Page 565
13.3.3 ATSC Concatenated Channel Coder......Page 566
13.4.1 DVB Modulation......Page 569
13.4.2 DVB Channel Coding......Page 581
Problems......Page 585
MATLAB Exercise 13.2......Page 588
References......Page 589
14.2 DVB Subtitles and Teletext......Page 590
14.2.1 Subtitles......Page 591
14.2.2 Teletext......Page 600
14.3.1 Line 21 Data Service......Page 606
14.3.2 Advanced Television Closed Captioning......Page 611
Problems......Page 622
References......Page 623
Appendix. MPEG Tables......Page 624
Index......Page 636
