Digital Human Modeling and Medicine: The Digital Twin

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Digital Human Modeling and Medicine
Digital Human Modeling and Medicine The Digital Twin
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
1 -
Modeling methods
1 - From the visible human project to the digital twin
Introduction
The visible human project
Anatomography
Virtual physiological human
The digital twin
References
Further reading
2 - Massive data probabilistic framework for parameter estimation in biological problems
Introduction
General framework
About modeling
About experiments: smart experiments
Strategy 1: in one stroke
Strategy 2: divide and conquer
Strategy 3: the general situation
Model separability
Including model uncertainty
Mathematical tools and concepts
Managing data uncertainty
Estimation of probabilistic models
Parametric methods
Method of moments
Method of moments
Maximum likelihood method
Maximum likelihood method
Nonparametric methods
Design of experiments
Copulas
Mathematical definition
Theorem 1: Sklar's theorem
Parametric copulas
Nonparametric copulas
Methodology
Model adjustment
Model analysis and applications
Parameter estimation
A case study: GBM evolution
Mathematical model
Data generation
Results
Model adjustment
Model validation
Parameter estimation
Experimental design
Conclusions
References
3 - Deep learning applied to detection of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque
Introduction
The atheroma plaque problem
3D parametric study
Source data
Mathematical methods for regression
Artificial neural network
Support vector machine
Assuring the quality of the machine
Validation with a real geometry
How the decision support system works
Finite element models
Results
Discussion
References
4 - Computational stability of human musculoskeletal systems
Introduction
Methods
Criteria of structural stability
Stability of human MS systems
Stability of the human spine
Role of posture and passive ligamentous stiffness
Role of load orientation and elevation
Role of coactivity
Stability-based multicriteria simulations
Stability of human knee joint
Summary
References
5 - Techniques for automatic landmark detection of human tissue
Introduction
Machine learning techniques
Artificial neural networks
Decision trees
Support vector machines
Knowledge-based techniques
Shape analysis
Approximation to simple shapes
Curvature analysis
Template-based approaches
Atlas-based templates
Statistical shape modeling
Patient-specific templates
Spatial coherence
Conclusion
References
6 - Multibody modeling of the musculoskeletal system
Introduction
Fundamentals of multibody modeling
Motion capture–based model
Cadaver-based lower extremity model
Scaling of the template model to subject-specific data
Linear geometric scaling law
Parameter identification
Mass and inertial properties
Mass-fat muscle strength scaling law
Over-determinate kinematic analysis
Inverse dynamic analysis
Analysis of gait modifications
Other applications
Concluding remarks
References
7 - AnyBody modeling system
Background and context
Software design choices
AnyScript
Multibody system formulation
The model repository
Structuring principles
Applications
Fundamental science applications
Orthopedic applications
Industrial product design
Sports
Workplace ergonomics
Digital human models and the digital patient
References
8 - The NEUROiD neuromusculoskeletal movement simulation platform
Introduction
The NEUROiD movement simulation platform
Design philosophy and architecture
Multiscale, multidiscipline, and multifunction platform
Workflow in NEUROiD
Model definition, simulation, and visualization
Curation and definition
Model specification to the definition
Model specification to the definition
Definition across scale and discipline
Definition across scale and discipline
Neuromusculoskeletal interface design
Neuromusculoskeletal interface design
Experiment and simulation
Experiment specification to the definition
Experiment specification to the definition
Parallelization
Parallelization
Visualization
Integrative model development
Choosing a musculoskeletal model
Design and characterization of limbs in silico
Upper limb
Lower limb
Movement training of virtual limbs
Machine learning setup
NEUROiD in medicine
NEUROiD models
NEUROiD activities
Twinning in NEUROiD
Clinical trials and experimentation in silico with NEUROiD
Clinical triage for spasticity
Design and test of prostheses
Diabetic neuropathy–induced diabetic foot
Stroke: cross-sectional modeling of stroke severity and corticospinal residuum
Stroke: longitudinal modeling of recovery and computational neurorehabilitation
Spinal cord stimulation
Motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, familial spastic paraplegia)
Peripheral neuropathies
Mechanisms and consequences of aging-induced changes in motor unit structure
Limitations
Medical education and training
Conclusion and future landscapes
References
9 - HumMod: a modeling environment for the simulation of integrative human physiology
Disclosures
History
Model content
HumMod for testing physiological concepts and hypotheses in pathophysiology
Example 1: salt sensitivity
Example 2: baroreceptor activation therapy
Example 3: arteriovenous fistula
The future of modeling: virtual populations
Conclusion, limitations, and future considerations
References
2 - Organs
10 - Computational biomechanics as a tool to improve surgical procedures for Uterine Prolapse
Introduction
Mechanism of the development of POP
Biomechanical uterine prolapse simulation
Isotropic constitutive model—simulating the passive behavior
Computational model of the pelvic cavity
Computational model of the implant
Biomechanical properties of the soft tissues and mesh implant
Uterine prolapse simulation
Personalized models to repair the uterine prolapse
Conclusions
References
11 - Computational Modeling of aerosol particle transport and deposition in the healthy and stented human airways c ...
Clinical background
Materials and methods
Geometries
Numerical model and boundary conditions
Continuous phase: airflow
Discrete phase: particle transport and deposition modeling
Results
Airflow patterns in healthy and stented airways
Airflow turbulent patterns in healthy and stented airways
Particle deposition and transport
Validation of the numerical findings
Comparison between healthy and stented human upper airways
Total deposition fractions
Total deposition fractions
Regional deposition fractions
Conclusions and final remarks
Funding
References
12 - Ultrafine particle transport to the lower airways: airway diameter reduction effects
Introduction
Geometrical development
Numerical methods
Result and discussion
Velocity functions
Pressure variations
Particle deposition fraction
Escaped particles
Conclusions
Limitations of the approach
References
13 - Aerosolized airborne bacteria and viruses inhalation: Micro-bioaerosols deposition effects through upper nasal ...
Introduction
Materials and method
Computational model
Governing equations
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Declaration of competing interest
References
14 - Numerical simulation of the aortic arch behavior∗
Nomenclature
Introduction
Methods
Geometry reconstruction and grid generation
Governing equations
Boundary conditions and numerical solution
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Disclosure of interest
References
15 - Modern placental imaging methods
Introduction
Ultrasound
Doppler
Volume rendering
Sonoelastography
Placental elastography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Conclusion
References
3 - Body parts
16 - Foot digital twin and in silico clinical applications
Where a foot digital twin can help
Key aspects of foot biomechanics
Main foot pathologies by volume
Foot digital twin—scope of interest
The potential of foot CM&S
How to build a foot digital twin
Anatomy reconstruction
Loading and boundary conditions
Tissue properties
Verification and validation
Initiatives to improve model credibility in healthcare
Foot digital twin: a look into the future
In silico trials
What level of anatomical detail is required for clinical applications?
Foot CM&S for clinical applications
Foot CM&S for the footwear industry
Why foot and ankle CM&S is not yet in the clinic
References
17 - Flow processes occurring within the body but still external to the body's epithelial layer (gastrointestinal a ...
Introduction
Computational methods
SPH for fluids and foods
DEM for motion and collisions of particles
Collisions and rigid body dynamics in SPH
DEM-SPH coupling for slurry simulation
Flexible and deformable surfaces
Specialized intestinal models
Genome-scale metabolic models
0D model of microbial fermentation
Reduced 1D models
A potentially powerful multiscale approach: hierarchical 3D-1D-0D model
Ingestion and oral digestion
Background
Example simulation scenario: melting of chocolate on the tongue
Stomach
Small intestine
Solute/nutrient diffusion and absorption
Spatially varying multiphase digesta rheology
Large intestine
Liquid transport and droplet formation in the respiratory tract
Conclusions
References
18 - Digital modeling of the jaws for the evaluation of mandibular reconstruction techniques
Introduction
Anatomy and biomechanics of the mandible
The finite element method
Performing finite element analysis of the mandible
Alloplastic mandibular reconstruction methods: evaluating the implant design using finite element analysis
Computer-aided design of mandibular models
Design and plan of endoprostheses
Stress and magnitude of displacement of stem and wing design in unilateral loading conditions
Conclusion
References
19 - Cornea digital twins for studying the critical role of mechanics in physiology, pathology and surgical repair
Introduction
Corneal biomechanics
In silico biomechanical models of cornea
Toward accurate models of corneal collagen fibrils
Multiphasic and multiphysics computational models of cornea
Simulation-based subject-specific surgical planning
Concluding remarks
References
20 - Influence of fluid–structure interaction on human corneal biomechanics under air puff non-contact tonometry
Introduction
Corneal biomechanics
In vivo nondestructive testing
Ex vivo destructive testing
Glaucoma
Aeroelasticity
Classification of fluid–structure interaction problems
Numerical methods
Three-dimensional eye model
Three-dimensional CFD turbulence model of the air puff
Air puff traverses and pressure on cornea
Parametric study statistics
Clinical dataset
Intraocular pressure algorithm (fIOP)
Corneal material stress–strain index (fSSI)
Conclusions
References
4 -
Biomedicine
21 - Digital twins for understanding the mechanical adaptation of bone in disease and postsurgery
Introduction—the basics of bone remodeling
Computational models of bone remodeling in response to mechanical stimuli
Strain energy density as a mechanical stimulus for bone remodeling
Incorporation of stress, strain, and damage as remodeling stimuli
Fluid flow as a mechanical stimulus for bone remodeling
Effects of implants and pharmaceuticals on bone remodeling
Alternative or complementary numerical approaches to FE for in silico bone remodeling
Conclusion
References
22 - Bone strength, bone remodeling, and Biomechanics of fracture
Bone physiology
Bone cells
Bone modeling and remodeling
Bone mechanical properties and fracture
Bone elasticity
Bone post-elastic behavior
Bone time-dependent properties
Predictions of bone strength with finite element models
DXA-based models
CT-based FE models
HR-pQCT-based FE models
MicroCT-based FE models
Model validation
Standard mechanical tests
Local deformation with strain gauges
Full field tests DIC and DVC
Examples of validation studies for FE models
Predictions of bone remodeling
Mechanoregulation
Bone adaptation algorithm and implementation in FE framework
Validation for murine studies
Morphometric and densitometric analysis
Spatial analysis and biomarkers for bone formation
References
23 - Single-cell based models for cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions
Introduction
Methodology
Cell motility
Cell mechanotaxis
Cell electrotaxis
Drag force
Cell–cell interaction
Cell–cell contact
Cell–cell adhesion
Cell fate decision
Cell maturation
Cell differentiation
Cell proliferation
Model parameters and experiment setup
ECM discretization
Boundary conditions
Assumptions
Numerical implementation and applications
Cell–cell contact forces
Cell differentiation modulated by ECM stiffness
Cell adhesions modulated by ECM stiffness
Mechanically stimulated ECMs
Electrically stimulated ECM
Advanced materials for mechanoelectrical stimulation coupling
Conclusions
References
24 - Flow and remodeling processes occurring within the body proper
Introduction
Computational methods
SPH method for fluids and solids
Continuity equation
Momentum equation for fluid (Navier–Stokes)
Momentum equation for solid deformation
Pressure solution
Solid boundary conditions
Soft bodies with flexible surfaces (such as cell membranes)
Species concentration and diffusion
Integration of the SPH ordinary differential equations
Models for biological processes
Adhesion modeling for cells
Elastic regime
Viscous regime
Simple model for thrombin-controlled coagulation
SPH solid evolution for remodeling processes
Hemodynamics of vascular disease
Explicit modeling of cell mechanics at capillary scale
White blood cell rolling adhesion
Arterial scale flow
Blood coagulation and clot formation modeling
Background
Simple SPH coagulation model and predictions
Plaque rupture in an artery
Background
SPH model for plaque rupture
Bone remodeling
Conclusions
References
5 -
Medical devices
25 - Digital co-creation: an early-stage product individualization framework to bridge the customer–designer void
Introduction
Background
The transition from mass customization to mass individualization
The lack of customer participation in conventional product development
Methodology
Theoretical bases of the co-creation framework
Stages of the co-creation framework
Ideation
Modeling
Analysis
Visualization
Case study
Step 1: ideation and configure
Step 2: modeling and modify
Step 3: analysis and revise
Step 4: visualization and experience
Discussion and conclusions
References
26 - Implant design on virtual digital human skull models for the creation of customized Patient-specific regenerat ...
Introduction
Regenerative craniofacial surgery—current state of the art
Customized implant design—design considerations
Customized implant design—biomechanics
Commercialization considerations—a balancing act between design and regulation through in vivo tissue engineering
Future outlook
References
27 - Virtual reality–assisted treatment planning, patient management, and educational approaches in dentistry
Introduction
Implant treatment planning
Digital workflow in dental implantology
Software-guided implant surgery
Digital smile design
Virtual reality and dental anxiety
Virtual reality and dental education
Future directions
References
Further reading
6 -
Medical application
28 - Whole-body movement modeling in realistic environments for understanding performance and injury
Introduction
Markerless motion capture for digital human model construction
Background
Overview of MMC pipeline
Two-dimensional pose estimation models
Three-dimensional pose reconstruction
Joint angles from inverse kinematics
Benefits and future applications
Computational methods
Biomechanical methods
Introduction
Kinematic definitions and theory
Kinetics
Dynamics
SPH method for simulating the external environment
SPH method for fluids
SPH method for elastic and elastoplastic solids
SPH boundary modeling
Integration of SPH equations
Using digital twins to understand performance and injury: sports examples
Swimming
Diving
Snow skiing
Realtime digital human applications: workplace injury example
Creating software products based on human digital twins
Conclusions
References
29 - Digital human modeling in cleft care
Introduction
Presurgical infant orthopedics
Cleft lip and cleft lip nasal deformity repair
Cleft palate repair
Alveolar bone cleft reconstruction
Orthognathic surgery in cleft care
Conclusion
References
30 - The virtual patient model for correction of facial deformity and accuracy of simulation and surgical guide con ...
Historical methods of planning
Overview
Orthognathic surgery
Postablative reconstructive jaw surgery
Craniofacial surgery
Limitations of traditional planning
3D imaging and biomechanical soft tissue simulation
Introduction
Multislice computed tomography
Applications
Cone beam computed tomography
Dental records
Stereophotogrammetry
Biosimulations
Virtual surgical planning, customized surgical guide, and fixation plates
Introduction
VSP in orthognathic surgery
Integration of digital information
Virtual operating theater
Designing and printing of surgical aids, guides, or implants
VSP in reconstructive surgery of the jaw
VSP in craniofacial surgery
VSP in posttraumatic deformities
VSP in temporomandibular joint surgery
Comparison between traditional and modern planning
Traditional versus modern planning
Accuracy of surgical plan transfer
Cost and time
Surgical outcome/patient satisfaction
References
31 - Patient-specific modeling of pain progression: a use case on knee osteoarthritis patients using machine learni ...
Introduction
Dataset description
Methods
Grouping/labeling
Data preprocessing
Feature selection
Machine learning
Validation
Results and discussion
Predictive capacity of the binary classifiers without pain-related variables
Predictive capacity of the binary classifiers with pain variables
Feature selection results
Data fusion results
Comparative analysis
Conclusions
References
32 - A design procedure for the development of VR platforms for the rehabilitation of patients after stroke
Introduction
Scientific background
Methods and tools
Definition of the rehabilitation exercise and related devices
Identification of ICT tools
Medical data management
Use cases
VR platform for the evaluation of the extra-personal neglect
VR platform for the recovery of severe memory loss
3D scanning acquisition
Development of the serious game
Motor-skills tele-rehabilitation of hands
Evaluation
Conclusion
References
33 - Personalization for surgical implants
Introduction to personalization of surgical implants
Personalized medical device definitions
Adoption of personalization in surgery
Orthopedic surgery
Craniomaxillofacial surgery
Spinal surgery
Vascular surgery
Urology surgery
Regulation
Summary and future perspectives
References
Index
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T
U
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W
X
Y
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