Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise removes the myths associated with many dietary supplements. It provides an evidence-based approach to the physiological mechanisms related to popular supplements and examines the ergogenic benefits in both competitive and recreational athletes.
This text covers a variety of supplements, including vitamins and minerals, carbohydrates, protein and amino acids, beta-alanine, creatine and guanidinoacetic acid, caffeine and probiotics, as well as emerging ergogenic aids. Information on dosage, ceiling effects and washout periods is discussed, along with safety and legality for different sporting organizations. The book also offers an insight into the efficacy of certain dietary supplements in unique populations, like children and the elderly.
Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise is an important resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students on exercise science, health and nutrition courses, as well as strength coaches, athletic trainers, nutritionists and personal trainers, and medical professionals who consult with patients on dietary supplementation.
Author(s): Jay R. Hoffman
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 340
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
1 Dietary supplementation: Prevalence of use, regulation and safety
Introduction
Dietary supplement use in adolescents
Nutritional supplementation use by grade
Dietary supplementation use in adults
Dietary supplement use by competitive athletes
Dietary supplement use by military personnel
Safety profiles and adverse events associated with dietary supplementation
Contamination issues of dietary supplements
Regulation of the dietary supplement industry
Conclusion
References
2 Vitamins and minerals
Introduction
Determining micronutrient requirements
Multivitamin/mineral supplements
Efficacy
Important notes
Vitamin D
Efficacy
Important notes
Calcium
Efficacy
Important notes
Iron
Efficacy
Important notes
Antioxidants and polyphenols
Efficacy
Important notes
Summary
References
3 Carbohydrate supplementation: From basic chemistry to real-world applications
Introduction
Carbohydrate biochemistry
Nomenclature
Carbohydrate biochemistry and metabolism
Carbohydrate digestion
Insulinotropic effects of glucose
Metabolism of glucose
Glycogen metabolism
Carbohydrate intake for performance
Historical aspect of carbohydrate
Muscle glycogen content in humans and muscle biopsy procedure
Carbohydrate intake timing, form, replenishment
Carbohydrate loading
Classic versus modern approach
Alternative carbohydrate strategies – transition to counterculture in modern times
Carbohydrate intakes for various athletes
Resistance training and the role of carbohydrate
Signalling
Anabolism and catabolism
Insulin receptor substrate activation
Endurance athletics and carbohydrate consumption
Fuel utilization
Central fatigue
Mixed fuel/intermittent athletes
Carbohydrate supplementation
Nutrient timing (resistance training)
Nutrient timing (endurance training)
Activity < 60 minutes
Activity lasting > 120 minutes
Effects of glycaemic index and glycaemic load
Supplement vector
Sports drinks and gels
High versus low insulinergic carbohydrates
Multiple transportable carbohydrates
Mouth rinse
Summary
References
4 Protein and amino acids
Introduction
Physiology of protein and amino acids
Protein digestion and absorption
Protein types and bioavailability
Amino acid pool and protein turnover
Efficacy of amino acids
Protein timing, dosing and recovery
Protein ingestion prior to sleep
Safety of protein supplementation
Conclusion
References
5 ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate
Introduction
Metabolism and mechanisms of action
Promotion of mTORC1 signalling and muscle protein synthesis
Attenuation of muscle protein breakdown
Ubiquitin proteasome system and apoptosis
HMB effects on TNF-a
Growth hormone/IGF-1 axis
Cholesterol synthesis and membrane integrity
Formulations, pharmacokinetics
Dosing and supplemental strategy
Muscle damage and functional recovery
Immune response
HMB chronic training effects
Untrained individuals
Trained individuals
Effects of HMB on aerobic and anaerobic performance
HMB in energy restricted states
Clinical applications of HMB supplementation
Sarcopenia and older adults
Chronic muscle wasting conditions
Safety and legal issues concerning HMB
Summary
References
6 Beta-alanine supplementation in sports, exercise and health
Introduction
Determinants of carnosine content in human skeletal muscle
Beta-alanine supplementation
Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on exercise performance
Influence of exercise duration
Influence of athletic status
Influence on repeated-sprint and intermittent tasks
Influence on strength and resistance exercise
Beta-alanine and high-intensity training
Safety of beta-alanine supplementation
Paraesthesia
Muscle taurine and histidine content
Other
Novel therapeutic effects of beta-alanine supplementation
References
7 Creatine supplementation in sport, exercise and health
Introduction
Basic biochemistry and mechanisms of action
Creatine supplementation
Supplementation strategies
Influence of initial creatine content and diet
Influence of exercise
Influence of carbohydrate
Influence of caffeine
Influence of different creatine formulations
Effects of creatine supplementation on exercise performance
Intermittent exercise
Strength and resistance exercise
Sport-specific exercise
Summary
Creatine and other tissues
Creatine and the brain
Creatine and bone
Therapeutic use of creatine
Older adults
Patient populations
Side effects and safety considerations
Impact of creatine on renal function
Dehydration and thermal dysregulation
Generation of carcinogenic and cytotoxic by-products
Other side effects (cramping, weight gain, gastrointestinal discomfort)
Summary and conclusions
References
8 Guanidinoacetic acid in health, sport and exercise
Background
Efficacy and safety of guanidinoacetic acid
Early studies on guanidinoacetic acid
Guanidinoacetic acid pharmacokinetics
Performance-enhancing effects of guanidinoacetic acid
An update on guanidinoacetic acid safety
Guanidinoacetic acid versus creatine for tissue bioenergetics
Co-administration of guanidinoacetic acid and creatine
Open questions
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Nitric oxide precursors
Introduction
Nutritional precursors for the nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide pathway
Ergogenic potential of L-arginine supplementation
Ergogenic potential of L-citrulline supplementation
Nutritional precursors for the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway
Ergogenic potential of nitrate supplementation
Safety considerations
Conclusions
References
10 Buffering agents: Sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and sodium phosphate
Introduction
Sodium bicarbonate
Physiology of this group of nutrients
Dosing patterns
Efficacy relating to physical performance
Combination of NaHCO3 with other supplements
Sodium citrate
Sodium citrate dosing patterns
The efficiency of sodium citrate on exercise performance
Potential health benefits associated with sodium citrate
Sodium phosphate
Underlying mechanisms and physiology
Sodium phosphate and aerobic capacity
Endurance performance
Sprint performance
Issues relating to safety and legality
Conclusions
References
11 Caffeine
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics of caffeine
Mechanism of action
Caffeine and strength/power performance
Lifting performance
Isometric/isokinetic performance
Anaerobic capacity/power
Caffeine and endurance performance
Total work performed
Completion time
Time to exhaustion
Current trends in caffeine research
Caffeine in alternative forms
Caffeine gum
Mouth rinse and nasal/mouth aerosol sprays
Time-release caffeine
Caffeine metabolism
Legality and safety
Conclusions
References
12 Energy drinks
Introduction
Ingredients in energy drinks
Ingredients considered to be stimulatory in nature
Evodiamine
Hordenine
Ephedra
Ingredients focused on controlling appetite
Garcinia cambogia
Phenylethylamine
Hoodia gordonii extract
Green tea extract
Yohimbine
Tetradecylthioacetic acid
5-hydroxytryptophan
Yerba mate extract
Efficacy of combination ingredient high energy supplements
Safety issues related to energy drink consumption
Conclusion
References
13 Probiotics
Microbiota in the human body
Probiotics
Microbiota and exercise-immunological perspective
The effect of exercise on microbiota
Influence of probiotics and exercise on immune suppression
Probiotics supplementation and exercise performance
Conclusion
References
14 Emerging ergogenic aids for strength/power development
Introduction
Betaine
Phosphatidic acid
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Krill Oil
Summary
References
15 Emerging ergogenic aids for endurance activity and weight loss
Introduction
Quercetin
Carnitine
L-alanyl-L-glutamine
Citrulline
Summary
References
16 Incorporating dietary supplements with sports-specific training and competition
Introduction
The role of supplementation for targeted adaptations and competition
Alterations to body mass and composition
Reducing body mass and fat mass
Muscle hypertrophy
Anaerobic performance and training
Aerobic performance and training
Cognitive performance during training and sport
Training and performance recovery
The role of supplementation across the athlete’s training cycle
Conclusions
References
Index
