This book presents a new avenue in the field of ophthalmology and sheds light on the field of eye imaging. With the increasing availability of electronic devices and their important role in both personal and professional aspects of human life, there is a growing need for perfect vision. Ophthalmic imaging is a major tool for screening and documenting eye diseases in both medical and surgical fields of ophthalmology and is also of use for ophthalmologists around the globe.
The number of eye-imaging devices has increased dramatically, however undiagnosed or poorly managed eye diseases remain a significant cause of ocular and visual problems worldwide. This essential guide addresses the need for a book that is dedicated to ophthalmic imaging, covering the cornea, glaucoma, retina and orbital imaging with updates on medical and surgical aspects of the topic.
Author(s): Mehrdad Mohammadpour
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 752
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Corneal Imaging: Topography Versus Tomography
Topographic Pattern Recognition: Normal Versus Keratoconus
Introduction
Corneal Asphericity
Astigmatism
Principles of Placido Disc-Based Topography
Color Scale Settings
Axial Map
Tangential Map
Refractive Power Map
Elevation Map
Indications
Nomenclature of Keratoconus
Forme Fruste Keratoconus
Subclinical Keratoconus
Keratoconus Suspect
Computerized Corneal Topography for the Diagnosis of Keratoconus
Keratometric Data
Statistical Indices
Simple Indices
Combined Indices
Topographic Maps
Case Presentation
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
References
Orbscan
Introduction
Maps in Orbscan
Elevation Map
Pachymetry Map
Curvature Maps
Axial Power Map
Mean Power Map
Astigmatic Power Map
Tangential Power Map
Optical Map
Orbscan Indices for Risk of Keratoconus
RADAR Map
Orbscan Pearls and Pitfalls
References
Pentacam
Introduction
Scheimpflug Image
Quality Specifications
The Various Topography and Tomography Maps of Pentacam
Refractive Maps
Thickness Map
Corneal Power Map
Sagital Curvature Map
Tangential Curvature
True Net Power Map
Keratometric Power Deviation Map
Equivalent Keratometer Readings Power Map
Total Cornea Refractive Power Map
The Fast Screening Report Maps
Corneal Thickness Spatial Profile (CTSP)
Percentage Thickness Increase (PTI)
Elevation Maps
The Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display
Topometric KC Staging Map
Belin ABCD Progression Display
Optical Densitometry Display
4 Maps Selectable
Show Two Exam Mode
Holladay Report
Holladay EKR65 Detail Report
Cataract Pre OP
Phakic IOL Simulation
The Zernike Analysis Maps
Fourier Analysis
Corneal Asphericity (Q-Value)
Corneal Rings
Contact Lens Fitting
Anterior Chamber Depth and Glaucoma Screening
Case Study
References
Galilei Dual Scheimpflug Analyzer
Introduction
Scheimpflug Principle
Combination of Placido Topography with Scheimpflug Imaging
Clinical Applications
The Refractive Report
Indices Displayed with the Refractive Report
The Keratoconus Report
Indices Displayed with the Keratoconus Report
The Wavefront Report
The IOL Power Report
Case Presentation
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
References
SIRIUS®
Introduction
Pupillography
Tear Film Evaluation
Glaucoma Screening
Corneal Intrastromal Rings
Corneal Aberrometry
IOL Calculation
Contact Lens Application Module
Phoenix Software
Diagnostic Tools
Corneal Thickness
Axial Curvature
Tangential Curvature
Altimetric Elevation
Keratoconus Screening
SIf and SIb
KVf and KVb
BCV
ThkMin
PTI and CTSP
Case Study
References
MS-39®
Introduction
Epithelial Thickness Map
Stromal Thickness Map
Glaucoma Screening
Crystalline Biometry
Case Study
References
Nontopographic Corneal Imaging
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Clinical Applications of AS-OCT [7, 9, 12]
Role of OCT in Biometry
IOL Master 700
Argos
OA-2000
Eyestar 900
References
Corneal Biomechanics
Biomechanical changes after refractive surgery and intracorneal ring segment implantation
Post PRK
Pre F-LASIK
Pre Smile
3m After Smile
Pre ICRS
Post ICRS
References
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
Introduction
Principle
Technique
Types of Scans
Normal Corneal Structures in UBM
The Cornea
The Sclera
Anterior Chamber
The Iris
The Angle
UBM Limitations
UBM and Corneal Pathologies
Corneal Edema
Blood Staining of the Cornea
Descemet’s Membrane Detachment
Corneal Opacification and Underlying Changes
Corneal Infection
Conjunctival Flaps
Corneal Grafts
Corneal Dystrophies
Acute Corneal Hydrops
Photoablative Corneal Surgery
Corneal Thickness Measurement
Ciliary Sulcus Measurements
Pachymetric Maps
Epithelium in Keratoconus
Epithelial Profile After Ectasia
Epithelial Changes After Refractive Surgery
Stromal Thickness Change After Refractive Surgery
Flap
References
Confocal Scan
Introduction
Principles
Normal Cornea in IVCM
Keratitis
Bacterial Keratitis
Viral Keratitis
Fungal Keratitis
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Limitations
IVCM in Surgical Procedures of Cornea
Corneal Transplantation
Keratorefractive Surgery
IVCM Imaging of Nerves in Several Corneal and Systemic Diseases
Post-LASIK Hypoesthesia or Dysesthesia
Neurotrophic Keratopathy
Keratoconus
Diabetes
Rheumatologic Disorders
IVCM in Dry Eye
IVCM in Ocular Allergy
AKC
VKC
IVCM in Contact Lens Wearing
IVCM for Evaluation of the Ocular Surface in Glaucomatous Patients
References
Aberration, Aberrometry and Aberrometers
Introduction
Aberration
Aberrometry
Wavefront Sensing Devices
Zernike Polynomials
Hartmann-Shack (HS) Aberrometer
Retinal Imaging Aberrometry (Tscherning)
Tracey System
Optic Path Difference (Combined Retinoscopy and Topography)
Series Measurements and Parallel Measurements in Aberrometry
Information Presented by the Maps Includes the Following
Aberrometers
Zywave Aberrometer
OPD-Scan
OPD-Scan III Specifications
PERAMIS Aberrometer
Sirius
iTrace Aberrometer (Tracey Technologies, Houston, Tx)
Overview Screen of the WF Verification Display
Multi-zone Refraction Analysis
References
Retina Imaging
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Interpretation of a Retinal OCT Image
Normal OCT
Basics in OCT Image Interpretation
Suggested Reading
OCT Angiography (OCT-A)
Vascular Layers with OCT-A
The Retinal Vessels
Choroidal Vascular Plexus
Pearls, Pitfalls, and Artifacts
Suggested Readings
Fluorescein Angiography
Abnormal Fluorescein Angiogram
Fluorescein Angiography Adverse Reactions
Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (cSLO)
Fundus Auto-fluorescence (FAF)
Origin of Fundus Autofluorescence
Normal Blue Auto-fluorescence (BAF)
Abnormal Blue Auto-fluorescence (BAF)
Clinical Applications of Blue Auto-fluorescence (BAF)
Suggested Readings
Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICGA)
Abnormal ICG
ICG Indications
Suggested Readings
Ultrasonography (B-Scan) and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
Ultrasonography (B-Scan) in Retinal Disease
Pearls
Pearls
Pearls
Pearls
Pearls
Pearls
Pearls
Suggested Readings
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
An Effective Anterior Segment and Posterior Segment Diagnostic Tool
Limitation
UBM Applications
Ciliary Body (CB)
Uveitis/Scleritis
Suggested Reading
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
Non-exudative AMD
Drusen
Subretinal Drusenoid Deposit (Reticular Pseudodrusen)
Atrophy
Pigmentary Changes
Acquired Vitelliform Lesions
Pigment Epithelial Detachment
Drusenoid PED
Serous PED
Wet AMD
Type 1 Neovascularization
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tears
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Type 2 Neovascularization
Type 3 Neovascularization (Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation (RAP))
Disciform Scarring
Suggested Reading
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC)
Definition and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology, Demography and Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Multimodal Imaging of CSC
Sub-Retinal Fluid (SRF) (Figs. , , , , , , , , )
Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED) (Figs. , and )
Hyper-Reflective Dot (HRD) or Precipitates (Figs. and )
RPE Layer Irregularity (Fig. )
A Double Layer Sign and Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) (Fig. )
Intra-retinal Cysts or Schitic Spaces
Pachychoroid (Figs. , , and )
Leakage Point
Suggested Reading
Vitreoretinal Interface Abnormality
Suggested Reading
Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinal Vascular Diseases
Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Imaging Test
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Other Features of Vascular Insufficiency and Abnormality
Cotton Wool Spots
Retinal Macroaneurysm
Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy
Suggested Reading
Uveitis
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada
Toxoplasma Retinochoroiditis
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Ocular Behcet’s
Neuroretinitis
References
Adult Intraocular Tumor
Uveal Melanoma
Choroidal Hemangioma
Choroidal Osteoma
Intraocular Metastasis
Childhood Intraocular Tumors
Retinoblastoma
Treatment
Astrocytic Hamartoma
Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
Medulloepithelioma
Retinal Hemangioblastoma
Retinal Racemose Hemangioma
Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma
Degenerative Retinal Disorders
Pathologic Myopia
Myopic Macular Schisis
Progressive Thinning and Atrophy of Retina and Choroid
Posterior Staphyloma
Stargardt Disease
Best Vitelliform Dystrophy
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Suggested Readings
Glaucoma Imaging
OCT and Glaucoma: Interpretation
Introduction
RNFL Analysis
ONH Analysis
Macular Ganglion Cell Analysis
Cirrus HD-OCT
Spectralis SDOCT
Optovue-Rtvue SDOCT
ONH/GCC OU Report
OCT and Progression
Cirrus HD-OCT GPA
Spectralis OCT Progression Analysis
References
OCT and Glaucoma: Case Review
Case 1- Glaucoma (Perimetric and Preperimetric)
Case 2- Early Glaucoma with Central VF Damage
Case 3- Moderate Glaucoma with Raphe Sign
Case 4- Glaucoma Affecting the Central Field
Case 5- Preperimetric Glaucoma with Abnormal OCT
Case 6- Moderate Glaucoma (Structure–Function Relationship)
Floor Effect
Case 7- Advanced Glaucoma
RNFL Asymmetry
Case 8- Preperimetric Glaucoma
Case 9- Physiologic Cup
Case 10- Glaucoma Progression in Early Glaucoma
Case 11- Early Glaucoma, no Progression
References
OCT Artifacts in Glaucoma
Introduction
Blink Artifact
Case 1-Blink Artifact
Case 2-‘Red Disease’ Due to Blink Artifact
‘Red Disease’ Due to Contour Shift
Case 3-‘Red Disease’ Due to Contour Shift
Case 4-‘Red Disease’ Due to Contour Shift
Case 5-Contour Shift: ‘Red Disease’ and ‘Glaucoma’
Case 6-High Myopia
Case 7-Peripapillary Atrophy (PPA)
FoDi Misalignment
Case 8-‘Red Disease’ Due to FoDi Misalignment
Case 9-‘Red Disease’ Due to FoDi Misalignment
Case 10-‘Red Disease’ and Vitreous Floater
Segmentation Artifacts
Case 11-‘Green Disease’ Due to Segmentation Artifact
Case 12-‘Green Disease’ Due to Vitreoretinal Interface Problem
Case 13-‘Green Disease’ Due to Vitreoretinal Interface Problems
Case 14-‘Green Disease’ Due to Narrow RNFL Defect
Case 15-‘Red Disease’ Due to Retinal Disease
Artifact in Progression Analysis
Case 16-Development of Pathology
Case 17-Alternating Devices and Progression
Financial Disclosure
References
Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy and Glaucoma
Introduction
Parameters
OU Printout
Case 1–Early and Moderate Glaucoma
Case 2–Advanced Glaucoma
Case 3–Large Optic Disc
Glaucoma Progression
Topographic Change Analysis
Stereometric Parameter Analysis
References
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography and Glaucoma
Introduction
Anterior Segment Measurements
Applications
Screening of Angle Closure Glaucoma
Pathophysiology of Angle Closure
Efficacy of Procedures
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
Cataract Extraction
Bleb Morphology
Other Applications
Limitations
References
Orbital Imaging
Imaging in Orbital Disorders
Introduction
Computed Tomography
Axial View
Coronal View
Sagittal View
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI Patterns
Enhancement
Ocular Prosthesis
Dermoid Cyst
Imaging of Vascular Lesions of the Orbit
Ocular Melanoma
Ocular Retinoblastoma
Orbital Trauma
Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Orbital Foreign Body
Sinus Disorders
Thyroid and Inflammatory Orbital Disorders
Orbital Cellulitis
Orbital Mucormycosis
Orbital Schwannoma
Greater Sphenoid Wing Meningioma
Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lacrimal Gland Tumors
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Optic-Nerve Glioma
Type 1 Neurofibromatosis
References
Index
